4 Author: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
5 Date : 07 September 2012
7 This document is based on the ARM booting document by Russell King and
8 is relevant to all public releases of the AArch64 Linux kernel.
10 The AArch64 exception model is made up of a number of exception levels
11 (EL0 - EL3), with EL0 and EL1 having a secure and a non-secure
12 counterpart. EL2 is the hypervisor level and exists only in non-secure
13 mode. EL3 is the highest priority level and exists only in secure mode.
15 For the purposes of this document, we will use the term `boot loader'
16 simply to define all software that executes on the CPU(s) before control
17 is passed to the Linux kernel. This may include secure monitor and
18 hypervisor code, or it may just be a handful of instructions for
19 preparing a minimal boot environment.
21 Essentially, the boot loader should provide (as a minimum) the
24 1. Setup and initialise the RAM
25 2. Setup the device tree
26 3. Decompress the kernel image
27 4. Call the kernel image
30 1. Setup and initialise RAM
31 ---------------------------
33 Requirement: MANDATORY
35 The boot loader is expected to find and initialise all RAM that the
36 kernel will use for volatile data storage in the system. It performs
37 this in a machine dependent manner. (It may use internal algorithms
38 to automatically locate and size all RAM, or it may use knowledge of
39 the RAM in the machine, or any other method the boot loader designer
43 2. Setup the device tree
44 -------------------------
46 Requirement: MANDATORY
48 The device tree blob (dtb) must be placed on an 8-byte boundary and must
49 not exceed 2 megabytes in size. Since the dtb will be mapped cacheable
50 using blocks of up to 2 megabytes in size, it must not be placed within
51 any 2M region which must be mapped with any specific attributes.
53 NOTE: versions prior to v4.2 also require that the DTB be placed within
54 the 512 MB region starting at text_offset bytes below the kernel Image.
56 3. Decompress the kernel image
57 ------------------------------
61 The AArch64 kernel does not currently provide a decompressor and
62 therefore requires decompression (gzip etc.) to be performed by the boot
63 loader if a compressed Image target (e.g. Image.gz) is used. For
64 bootloaders that do not implement this requirement, the uncompressed
65 Image target is available instead.
68 4. Call the kernel image
69 ------------------------
71 Requirement: MANDATORY
73 The decompressed kernel image contains a 64-byte header as follows:
75 u32 code0; /* Executable code */
76 u32 code1; /* Executable code */
77 u64 text_offset; /* Image load offset, little endian */
78 u64 image_size; /* Effective Image size, little endian */
79 u64 flags; /* kernel flags, little endian */
80 u64 res2 = 0; /* reserved */
81 u64 res3 = 0; /* reserved */
82 u64 res4 = 0; /* reserved */
83 u32 magic = 0x644d5241; /* Magic number, little endian, "ARM\x64" */
84 u32 res5; /* reserved (used for PE COFF offset) */
89 - As of v3.17, all fields are little endian unless stated otherwise.
91 - code0/code1 are responsible for branching to stext.
93 - when booting through EFI, code0/code1 are initially skipped.
94 res5 is an offset to the PE header and the PE header has the EFI
95 entry point (efi_stub_entry). When the stub has done its work, it
96 jumps to code0 to resume the normal boot process.
98 - Prior to v3.17, the endianness of text_offset was not specified. In
99 these cases image_size is zero and text_offset is 0x80000 in the
100 endianness of the kernel. Where image_size is non-zero image_size is
101 little-endian and must be respected. Where image_size is zero,
102 text_offset can be assumed to be 0x80000.
104 - The flags field (introduced in v3.17) is a little-endian 64-bit field
106 Bit 0: Kernel endianness. 1 if BE, 0 if LE.
107 Bit 1-2: Kernel Page size.
112 Bit 3: Kernel physical placement
113 0 - 2MB aligned base should be as close as possible
114 to the base of DRAM, since memory below it is not
115 accessible via the linear mapping
116 1 - 2MB aligned base may be anywhere in physical
120 - When image_size is zero, a bootloader should attempt to keep as much
121 memory as possible free for use by the kernel immediately after the
122 end of the kernel image. The amount of space required will vary
123 depending on selected features, and is effectively unbound.
125 The Image must be placed text_offset bytes from a 2MB aligned base
126 address anywhere in usable system RAM and called there. The region
127 between the 2 MB aligned base address and the start of the image has no
128 special significance to the kernel, and may be used for other purposes.
129 At least image_size bytes from the start of the image must be free for
131 NOTE: versions prior to v4.6 cannot make use of memory below the
132 physical offset of the Image so it is recommended that the Image be
133 placed as close as possible to the start of system RAM.
135 If an initrd/initramfs is passed to the kernel at boot, it must reside
136 entirely within a 1 GB aligned physical memory window of up to 32 GB in
137 size that fully covers the kernel Image as well.
139 Any memory described to the kernel (even that below the start of the
140 image) which is not marked as reserved from the kernel (e.g., with a
141 memreserve region in the device tree) will be considered as available to
144 Before jumping into the kernel, the following conditions must be met:
146 - Quiesce all DMA capable devices so that memory does not get
147 corrupted by bogus network packets or disk data. This will save
148 you many hours of debug.
150 - Primary CPU general-purpose register settings
151 x0 = physical address of device tree blob (dtb) in system RAM.
152 x1 = 0 (reserved for future use)
153 x2 = 0 (reserved for future use)
154 x3 = 0 (reserved for future use)
157 All forms of interrupts must be masked in PSTATE.DAIF (Debug, SError,
159 The CPU must be in either EL2 (RECOMMENDED in order to have access to
160 the virtualisation extensions) or non-secure EL1.
164 Instruction cache may be on or off.
165 The address range corresponding to the loaded kernel image must be
166 cleaned to the PoC. In the presence of a system cache or other
167 coherent masters with caches enabled, this will typically require
168 cache maintenance by VA rather than set/way operations.
169 System caches which respect the architected cache maintenance by VA
170 operations must be configured and may be enabled.
171 System caches which do not respect architected cache maintenance by VA
172 operations (not recommended) must be configured and disabled.
175 CNTFRQ must be programmed with the timer frequency and CNTVOFF must
176 be programmed with a consistent value on all CPUs. If entering the
177 kernel at EL1, CNTHCTL_EL2 must have EL1PCTEN (bit 0) set where
181 All CPUs to be booted by the kernel must be part of the same coherency
182 domain on entry to the kernel. This may require IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED
183 initialisation to enable the receiving of maintenance operations on
187 All writable architected system registers at the exception level where
188 the kernel image will be entered must be initialised by software at a
189 higher exception level to prevent execution in an UNKNOWN state.
191 For systems with a GICv3 interrupt controller to be used in v3 mode:
193 ICC_SRE_EL3.Enable (bit 3) must be initialiased to 0b1.
194 ICC_SRE_EL3.SRE (bit 0) must be initialised to 0b1.
195 - If the kernel is entered at EL1:
196 ICC.SRE_EL2.Enable (bit 3) must be initialised to 0b1
197 ICC_SRE_EL2.SRE (bit 0) must be initialised to 0b1.
198 - The DT or ACPI tables must describe a GICv3 interrupt controller.
200 For systems with a GICv3 interrupt controller to be used in
201 compatibility (v2) mode:
203 ICC_SRE_EL3.SRE (bit 0) must be initialised to 0b0.
204 - If the kernel is entered at EL1:
205 ICC_SRE_EL2.SRE (bit 0) must be initialised to 0b0.
206 - The DT or ACPI tables must describe a GICv2 interrupt controller.
208 The requirements described above for CPU mode, caches, MMUs, architected
209 timers, coherency and system registers apply to all CPUs. All CPUs must
210 enter the kernel in the same exception level.
212 The boot loader is expected to enter the kernel on each CPU in the
215 - The primary CPU must jump directly to the first instruction of the
216 kernel image. The device tree blob passed by this CPU must contain
217 an 'enable-method' property for each cpu node. The supported
218 enable-methods are described below.
220 It is expected that the bootloader will generate these device tree
221 properties and insert them into the blob prior to kernel entry.
223 - CPUs with a "spin-table" enable-method must have a 'cpu-release-addr'
224 property in their cpu node. This property identifies a
225 naturally-aligned 64-bit zero-initalised memory location.
227 These CPUs should spin outside of the kernel in a reserved area of
228 memory (communicated to the kernel by a /memreserve/ region in the
229 device tree) polling their cpu-release-addr location, which must be
230 contained in the reserved region. A wfe instruction may be inserted
231 to reduce the overhead of the busy-loop and a sev will be issued by
232 the primary CPU. When a read of the location pointed to by the
233 cpu-release-addr returns a non-zero value, the CPU must jump to this
234 value. The value will be written as a single 64-bit little-endian
235 value, so CPUs must convert the read value to their native endianness
236 before jumping to it.
238 - CPUs with a "psci" enable method should remain outside of
239 the kernel (i.e. outside of the regions of memory described to the
240 kernel in the memory node, or in a reserved area of memory described
241 to the kernel by a /memreserve/ region in the device tree). The
242 kernel will issue CPU_ON calls as described in ARM document number ARM
243 DEN 0022A ("Power State Coordination Interface System Software on ARM
244 processors") to bring CPUs into the kernel.
246 The device tree should contain a 'psci' node, as described in
247 Documentation/devicetree/bindings/arm/psci.txt.
249 - Secondary CPU general-purpose register settings
250 x0 = 0 (reserved for future use)
251 x1 = 0 (reserved for future use)
252 x2 = 0 (reserved for future use)
253 x3 = 0 (reserved for future use)