1 zram: Compressed RAM based block devices
2 ----------------------------------------
6 The zram module creates RAM based block devices named /dev/zram<id>
7 (<id> = 0, 1, ...). Pages written to these disks are compressed and stored
8 in memory itself. These disks allow very fast I/O and compression provides
9 good amounts of memory savings. Some of the usecases include /tmp storage,
10 use as swap disks, various caches under /var and maybe many more :)
12 Statistics for individual zram devices are exported through sysfs nodes at
17 There are several ways to configure and manage zram device(-s):
18 a) using zram and zram_control sysfs attributes
19 b) using zramctl utility, provided by util-linux (util-linux@vger.kernel.org).
21 In this document we will describe only 'manual' zram configuration steps,
22 IOW, zram and zram_control sysfs attributes.
24 In order to get a better idea about zramctl please consult util-linux
25 documentation, zramctl man-page or `zramctl --help'. Please be informed
26 that zram maintainers do not develop/maintain util-linux or zramctl, should
27 you have any questions please contact util-linux@vger.kernel.org
29 Following shows a typical sequence of steps for using zram.
33 For the sake of simplicity we skip error checking parts in most of the
34 examples below. However, it is your sole responsibility to handle errors.
36 zram sysfs attributes always return negative values in case of errors.
37 The list of possible return codes:
38 -EBUSY -- an attempt to modify an attribute that cannot be changed once
39 the device has been initialised. Please reset device first;
40 -ENOMEM -- zram was not able to allocate enough memory to fulfil your
42 -EINVAL -- invalid input has been provided.
44 If you use 'echo', the returned value that is changed by 'echo' utility,
45 and, in general case, something like:
47 echo 3 > /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
55 modprobe zram num_devices=4
56 This creates 4 devices: /dev/zram{0,1,2,3}
58 num_devices parameter is optional and tells zram how many devices should be
59 pre-created. Default: 1.
61 2) Set max number of compression streams
62 Compression backend may use up to max_comp_streams compression streams,
63 thus allowing up to max_comp_streams concurrent compression operations.
64 By default, compression backend uses single compression stream.
67 #show max compression streams number
68 cat /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
70 #set max compression streams number to 3
71 echo 3 > /sys/block/zram0/max_comp_streams
74 In order to enable compression backend's multi stream support max_comp_streams
75 must be initially set to desired concurrency level before ZRAM device
76 initialisation. Once the device initialised as a single stream compression
77 backend (max_comp_streams equals to 1), you will see error if you try to change
78 the value of max_comp_streams because single stream compression backend
79 implemented as a special case by lock overhead issue and does not support
80 dynamic max_comp_streams. Only multi stream backend supports dynamic
81 max_comp_streams adjustment.
83 3) Select compression algorithm
84 Using comp_algorithm device attribute one can see available and
85 currently selected (shown in square brackets) compression algorithms,
86 change selected compression algorithm (once the device is initialised
87 there is no way to change compression algorithm).
90 #show supported compression algorithms
91 cat /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
94 #select lzo compression algorithm
95 echo lzo > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
98 Set disk size by writing the value to sysfs node 'disksize'.
99 The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
101 # Initialize /dev/zram0 with 50MB disksize
102 echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
105 echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
106 echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
107 echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/disksize
110 There is little point creating a zram of greater than twice the size of memory
111 since we expect a 2:1 compression ratio. Note that zram uses about 0.1% of the
112 size of the disk when not in use so a huge zram is wasteful.
114 5) Set memory limit: Optional
115 Set memory limit by writing the value to sysfs node 'mem_limit'.
116 The value can be either in bytes or you can use mem suffixes.
117 In addition, you could change the value in runtime.
119 # limit /dev/zram0 with 50MB memory
120 echo $((50*1024*1024)) > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
123 echo 256K > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
124 echo 512M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
125 echo 1G > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
127 # To disable memory limit
128 echo 0 > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
135 mount /dev/zram1 /tmp
137 7) Add/remove zram devices
139 zram provides a control interface, which enables dynamic (on-demand) device
140 addition and removal.
142 In order to add a new /dev/zramX device, perform read operation on hot_add
143 attribute. This will return either new device's device id (meaning that you
144 can use /dev/zram<id>) or error code.
147 cat /sys/class/zram-control/hot_add
150 To remove the existing /dev/zramX device (where X is a device id)
152 echo X > /sys/class/zram-control/hot_remove
155 Per-device statistics are exported as various nodes under /sys/block/zram<id>/
157 A brief description of exported device attributes. For more details please
158 read Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block-zram.
160 Name access description
161 ---- ------ -----------
162 disksize RW show and set the device's disk size
163 initstate RO shows the initialization state of the device
164 reset WO trigger device reset
165 num_reads RO the number of reads
166 failed_reads RO the number of failed reads
167 num_write RO the number of writes
168 failed_writes RO the number of failed writes
169 invalid_io RO the number of non-page-size-aligned I/O requests
170 max_comp_streams RW the number of possible concurrent compress operations
171 comp_algorithm RW show and change the compression algorithm
172 notify_free RO the number of notifications to free pages (either
173 slot free notifications or REQ_DISCARD requests)
174 zero_pages RO the number of zero filled pages written to this disk
175 orig_data_size RO uncompressed size of data stored in this disk
176 compr_data_size RO compressed size of data stored in this disk
177 mem_used_total RO the amount of memory allocated for this disk
178 mem_used_max RW the maximum amount of memory zram have consumed to
179 store the data (to reset this counter to the actual
180 current value, write 1 to this attribute)
181 mem_limit RW the maximum amount of memory ZRAM can use to store
183 pages_compacted RO the number of pages freed during compaction
184 (available only via zram<id>/mm_stat node)
185 compact WO trigger memory compaction
189 per-stat sysfs attributes are considered to be deprecated.
190 The basic strategy is:
191 -- the existing RW nodes will be downgraded to WO nodes (in linux 4.11)
192 -- deprecated RO sysfs nodes will eventually be removed (in linux 4.11)
194 The list of deprecated attributes can be found here:
195 Documentation/ABI/obsolete/sysfs-block-zram
197 Basically, every attribute that has its own read accessible sysfs node
198 (e.g. num_reads) *AND* is accessible via one of the stat files (zram<id>/stat
199 or zram<id>/io_stat or zram<id>/mm_stat) is considered to be deprecated.
201 User space is advised to use the following files to read the device statistics.
203 File /sys/block/zram<id>/stat
205 Represents block layer statistics. Read Documentation/block/stat.txt for
208 File /sys/block/zram<id>/io_stat
210 The stat file represents device's I/O statistics not accounted by block
211 layer and, thus, not available in zram<id>/stat file. It consists of a
212 single line of text and contains the following stats separated by
219 File /sys/block/zram<id>/mm_stat
221 The stat file represents device's mm statistics. It consists of a single
222 line of text and contains the following stats separated by whitespace:
236 Write any positive value to 'reset' sysfs node
237 echo 1 > /sys/block/zram0/reset
238 echo 1 > /sys/block/zram1/reset
240 This frees all the memory allocated for the given device and
241 resets the disksize to zero. You must set the disksize again
242 before reusing the device.