1 Generic Mutex Subsystem
3 started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
4 updated by Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
9 In the Linux kernel, mutexes refer to a particular locking primitive
10 that enforces serialization on shared memory systems, and not only to
11 the generic term referring to 'mutual exclusion' found in academia
12 or similar theoretical text books. Mutexes are sleeping locks which
13 behave similarly to binary semaphores, and were introduced in 2006[1]
14 as an alternative to these. This new data structure provided a number
15 of advantages, including simpler interfaces, and at that time smaller
16 code (see Disadvantages).
18 [1] http://lwn.net/Articles/164802/
23 Mutexes are represented by 'struct mutex', defined in include/linux/mutex.h
24 and implemented in kernel/locking/mutex.c. These locks use a three
25 state atomic counter (->count) to represent the different possible
26 transitions that can occur during the lifetime of a lock:
30 negative: locked, with potential waiters
32 In its most basic form it also includes a wait-queue and a spinlock
33 that serializes access to it. CONFIG_SMP systems can also include
34 a pointer to the lock task owner (->owner) as well as a spinner MCS
35 lock (->osq), both described below in (ii).
37 When acquiring a mutex, there are three possible paths that can be
38 taken, depending on the state of the lock:
40 (i) fastpath: tries to atomically acquire the lock by decrementing the
41 counter. If it was already taken by another task it goes to the next
42 possible path. This logic is architecture specific. On x86-64, the
43 locking fastpath is 2 instructions:
45 0000000000000e10 <mutex_lock>:
46 e21: f0 ff 0b lock decl (%rbx)
47 e24: 79 08 jns e2e <mutex_lock+0x1e>
49 the unlocking fastpath is equally tight:
51 0000000000000bc0 <mutex_unlock>:
52 bc8: f0 ff 07 lock incl (%rdi)
53 bcb: 7f 0a jg bd7 <mutex_unlock+0x17>
56 (ii) midpath: aka optimistic spinning, tries to spin for acquisition
57 while the lock owner is running and there are no other tasks ready
58 to run that have higher priority (need_resched). The rationale is
59 that if the lock owner is running, it is likely to release the lock
60 soon. The mutex spinners are queued up using MCS lock so that only
61 one spinner can compete for the mutex.
63 The MCS lock (proposed by Mellor-Crummey and Scott) is a simple spinlock
64 with the desirable properties of being fair and with each cpu trying
65 to acquire the lock spinning on a local variable. It avoids expensive
66 cacheline bouncing that common test-and-set spinlock implementations
67 incur. An MCS-like lock is specially tailored for optimistic spinning
68 for sleeping lock implementation. An important feature of the customized
69 MCS lock is that it has the extra property that spinners are able to exit
70 the MCS spinlock queue when they need to reschedule. This further helps
71 avoid situations where MCS spinners that need to reschedule would continue
72 waiting to spin on mutex owner, only to go directly to slowpath upon
73 obtaining the MCS lock.
76 (iii) slowpath: last resort, if the lock is still unable to be acquired,
77 the task is added to the wait-queue and sleeps until woken up by the
78 unlock path. Under normal circumstances it blocks as TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE.
80 While formally kernel mutexes are sleepable locks, it is path (ii) that
81 makes them more practically a hybrid type. By simply not interrupting a
82 task and busy-waiting for a few cycles instead of immediately sleeping,
83 the performance of this lock has been seen to significantly improve a
84 number of workloads. Note that this technique is also used for rw-semaphores.
89 The mutex subsystem checks and enforces the following rules:
91 - Only one task can hold the mutex at a time.
92 - Only the owner can unlock the mutex.
93 - Multiple unlocks are not permitted.
94 - Recursive locking/unlocking is not permitted.
95 - A mutex must only be initialized via the API (see below).
96 - A task may not exit with a mutex held.
97 - Memory areas where held locks reside must not be freed.
98 - Held mutexes must not be reinitialized.
99 - Mutexes may not be used in hardware or software interrupt
100 contexts such as tasklets and timers.
102 These semantics are fully enforced when CONFIG DEBUG_MUTEXES is enabled.
103 In addition, the mutex debugging code also implements a number of other
104 features that make lock debugging easier and faster:
106 - Uses symbolic names of mutexes, whenever they are printed
108 - Point-of-acquire tracking, symbolic lookup of function names,
109 list of all locks held in the system, printout of them.
111 - Detects self-recursing locks and prints out all relevant info.
112 - Detects multi-task circular deadlocks and prints out all affected
113 locks and tasks (and only those tasks).
118 Statically define the mutex:
121 Dynamically initialize the mutex:
124 Acquire the mutex, uninterruptible:
125 void mutex_lock(struct mutex *lock);
126 void mutex_lock_nested(struct mutex *lock, unsigned int subclass);
127 int mutex_trylock(struct mutex *lock);
129 Acquire the mutex, interruptible:
130 int mutex_lock_interruptible_nested(struct mutex *lock,
131 unsigned int subclass);
132 int mutex_lock_interruptible(struct mutex *lock);
134 Acquire the mutex, interruptible, if dec to 0:
135 int atomic_dec_and_mutex_lock(atomic_t *cnt, struct mutex *lock);
138 void mutex_unlock(struct mutex *lock);
140 Test if the mutex is taken:
141 int mutex_is_locked(struct mutex *lock);
146 Unlike its original design and purpose, 'struct mutex' is larger than
147 most locks in the kernel. E.g: on x86-64 it is 40 bytes, almost twice
148 as large as 'struct semaphore' (24 bytes) and 8 bytes shy of the
149 'struct rw_semaphore' variant. Larger structure sizes mean more CPU
150 cache and memory footprint.
155 Unless the strict semantics of mutexes are unsuitable and/or the critical
156 region prevents the lock from being shared, always prefer them to any other