1 pagemap, from the userspace perspective
2 ---------------------------------------
4 pagemap is a new (as of 2.6.25) set of interfaces in the kernel that allow
5 userspace programs to examine the page tables and related information by
6 reading files in /proc.
8 There are three components to pagemap:
10 * /proc/pid/pagemap. This file lets a userspace process find out which
11 physical frame each virtual page is mapped to. It contains one 64-bit
12 value for each virtual page, containing the following data (from
13 fs/proc/task_mmu.c, above pagemap_read):
15 * Bits 0-54 page frame number (PFN) if present
16 * Bits 0-4 swap type if swapped
17 * Bits 5-54 swap offset if swapped
18 * Bit 55 pte is soft-dirty (see Documentation/vm/soft-dirty.txt)
20 * Bit 61 page is file-page or shared-anon
24 If the page is not present but in swap, then the PFN contains an
25 encoding of the swap file number and the page's offset into the
26 swap. Unmapped pages return a null PFN. This allows determining
27 precisely which pages are mapped (or in swap) and comparing mapped
28 pages between processes.
30 Efficient users of this interface will use /proc/pid/maps to
31 determine which areas of memory are actually mapped and llseek to
32 skip over unmapped regions.
34 * /proc/kpagecount. This file contains a 64-bit count of the number of
35 times each page is mapped, indexed by PFN.
37 * /proc/kpageflags. This file contains a 64-bit set of flags for each
40 The flags are (from fs/proc/page.c, above kpageflags_read):
68 Short descriptions to the page flags:
71 page is being locked for exclusive access, eg. by undergoing read/write IO
74 page is managed by the SLAB/SLOB/SLUB/SLQB kernel memory allocator
75 When compound page is used, SLUB/SLQB will only set this flag on the head
76 page; SLOB will not flag it at all.
79 a free memory block managed by the buddy system allocator
80 The buddy system organizes free memory in blocks of various orders.
81 An order N block has 2^N physically contiguous pages, with the BUDDY flag
82 set for and _only_ for the first page.
86 A compound page with order N consists of 2^N physically contiguous pages.
87 A compound page with order 2 takes the form of "HTTT", where H donates its
88 head page and T donates its tail page(s). The major consumers of compound
89 pages are hugeTLB pages (Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt), the SLUB etc.
90 memory allocators and various device drivers. However in this interface,
91 only huge/giga pages are made visible to end users.
93 this is an integral part of a HugeTLB page
96 hardware detected memory corruption on this page: don't touch the data!
99 no page frame exists at the requested address
102 identical memory pages dynamically shared between one or more processes
105 contiguous pages which construct transparent hugepages
108 balloon compaction page
111 zero page for pfn_zero or huge_zero page
113 [IO related page flags]
114 1. ERROR IO error occurred
115 3. UPTODATE page has up-to-date data
116 ie. for file backed page: (in-memory data revision >= on-disk one)
117 4. DIRTY page has been written to, hence contains new data
118 ie. for file backed page: (in-memory data revision > on-disk one)
119 8. WRITEBACK page is being synced to disk
121 [LRU related page flags]
122 5. LRU page is in one of the LRU lists
123 6. ACTIVE page is in the active LRU list
124 18. UNEVICTABLE page is in the unevictable (non-)LRU list
125 It is somehow pinned and not a candidate for LRU page reclaims,
126 eg. ramfs pages, shmctl(SHM_LOCK) and mlock() memory segments
127 2. REFERENCED page has been referenced since last LRU list enqueue/requeue
128 9. RECLAIM page will be reclaimed soon after its pageout IO completed
129 11. MMAP a memory mapped page
130 12. ANON a memory mapped page that is not part of a file
131 13. SWAPCACHE page is mapped to swap space, ie. has an associated swap entry
132 14. SWAPBACKED page is backed by swap/RAM
134 The page-types tool in the tools/vm directory can be used to query the
137 Using pagemap to do something useful:
139 The general procedure for using pagemap to find out about a process' memory
140 usage goes like this:
142 1. Read /proc/pid/maps to determine which parts of the memory space are
144 2. Select the maps you are interested in -- all of them, or a particular
145 library, or the stack or the heap, etc.
146 3. Open /proc/pid/pagemap and seek to the pages you would like to examine.
147 4. Read a u64 for each page from pagemap.
148 5. Open /proc/kpagecount and/or /proc/kpageflags. For each PFN you just
149 read, seek to that entry in the file, and read the data you want.
151 For example, to find the "unique set size" (USS), which is the amount of
152 memory that a process is using that is not shared with any other process,
153 you can go through every map in the process, find the PFNs, look those up
154 in kpagecount, and tally up the number of pages that are only referenced
159 Reading from any of the files will return -EINVAL if you are not starting
160 the read on an 8-byte boundary (e.g., if you sought an odd number of bytes
161 into the file), or if the size of the read is not a multiple of 8 bytes.