1 Linux kernel release 4.x <http://kernel.org/>
3 These are the release notes for Linux version 4. Read them carefully,
4 as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the
5 kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong.
9 Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by
10 Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across
11 the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
13 It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix,
14 including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand
15 loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management,
16 and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.
18 It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the
19 accompanying COPYING file for more details.
21 ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN?
23 Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher),
24 today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and
25 UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell,
26 IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64, AXIS CRIS,
27 Xtensa, Tilera TILE, AVR32, ARC and Renesas M32R architectures.
29 Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures
30 as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the
31 GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has
32 also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although
33 functionality is then obviously somewhat limited.
34 Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a
35 userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML).
39 - There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on
40 the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to
41 general UNIX questions. I'd recommend looking into the documentation
42 subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation
43 Project) books. This README is not meant to be documentation on the
44 system: there are much better sources available.
46 - There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory:
47 these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some
48 drivers for example. See Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what
49 is contained in each file. Please read the Changes file, as it
50 contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading
53 - The Documentation/DocBook/ subdirectory contains several guides for
54 kernel developers and users. These guides can be rendered in a
55 number of formats: PostScript (.ps), PDF, HTML, & man-pages, among others.
56 After installation, "make psdocs", "make pdfdocs", "make htmldocs",
57 or "make mandocs" will render the documentation in the requested format.
59 INSTALLING the kernel source:
61 - If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a
62 directory where you have permissions (e.g. your home directory) and
65 xz -cd linux-4.X.tar.xz | tar xvf -
67 Replace "X" with the version number of the latest kernel.
69 Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually
70 incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header
71 files. They should match the library, and not get messed up by
72 whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be.
74 - You can also upgrade between 4.x releases by patching. Patches are
75 distributed in the xz format. To install by patching, get all the
76 newer patch files, enter the top level directory of the kernel source
77 (linux-4.X) and execute:
79 xz -cd ../patch-4.x.xz | patch -p1
81 Replace "x" for all versions bigger than the version "X" of your current
82 source tree, _in_order_, and you should be ok. You may want to remove
83 the backup files (some-file-name~ or some-file-name.orig), and make sure
84 that there are no failed patches (some-file-name# or some-file-name.rej).
85 If there are, either you or I have made a mistake.
87 Unlike patches for the 4.x kernels, patches for the 4.x.y kernels
88 (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply
89 directly to the base 4.x kernel. For example, if your base kernel is 4.0
90 and you want to apply the 4.0.3 patch, you must not first apply the 4.0.1
91 and 4.0.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 4.0.2 and
92 want to jump to 4.0.3, you must first reverse the 4.0.2 patch (that is,
93 patch -R) _before_ applying the 4.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in
94 Documentation/applying-patches.txt
96 Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this
97 process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any
100 linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux
102 The first argument in the command above is the location of the
103 kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but
104 an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.
106 - Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around:
111 You should now have the sources correctly installed.
113 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
115 Compiling and running the 4.x kernels requires up-to-date
116 versions of various software packages. Consult
117 Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required
118 and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using
119 excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect
120 errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that
121 you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during
124 BUILD directory for the kernel:
126 When compiling the kernel, all output files will per default be
127 stored together with the kernel source code.
128 Using the option "make O=output/dir" allows you to specify an alternate
129 place for the output files (including .config).
132 kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-4.X
133 build directory: /home/name/build/kernel
135 To configure and build the kernel, use:
137 cd /usr/src/linux-4.X
138 make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig
139 make O=/home/name/build/kernel
140 sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install
142 Please note: If the 'O=output/dir' option is used, then it must be
143 used for all invocations of make.
145 CONFIGURING the kernel:
147 Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor
148 version. New configuration options are added in each release, and
149 odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up
150 as expected. If you want to carry your existing configuration to a
151 new version with minimal work, use "make oldconfig", which will
152 only ask you for the answers to new questions.
154 - Alternative configuration commands are:
156 "make config" Plain text interface.
158 "make menuconfig" Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs.
160 "make nconfig" Enhanced text based color menus.
162 "make xconfig" Qt based configuration tool.
164 "make gconfig" GTK+ based configuration tool.
166 "make oldconfig" Default all questions based on the contents of
167 your existing ./.config file and asking about
170 "make silentoldconfig"
171 Like above, but avoids cluttering the screen
172 with questions already answered.
173 Additionally updates the dependencies.
176 Like above, but sets new symbols to their default
177 values without prompting.
179 "make defconfig" Create a ./.config file by using the default
180 symbol values from either arch/$ARCH/defconfig
181 or arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig,
182 depending on the architecture.
184 "make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig"
185 Create a ./.config file by using the default
187 arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig.
188 Use "make help" to get a list of all available
189 platforms of your architecture.
192 Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
193 values to 'y' as much as possible.
196 Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
197 values to 'm' as much as possible.
199 "make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
200 values to 'n' as much as possible.
202 "make randconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
203 values to random values.
205 "make localmodconfig" Create a config based on current config and
206 loaded modules (lsmod). Disables any module
207 option that is not needed for the loaded modules.
209 To create a localmodconfig for another machine,
210 store the lsmod of that machine into a file
211 and pass it in as a LSMOD parameter.
213 target$ lsmod > /tmp/mylsmod
214 target$ scp /tmp/mylsmod host:/tmp
216 host$ make LSMOD=/tmp/mylsmod localmodconfig
218 The above also works when cross compiling.
220 "make localyesconfig" Similar to localmodconfig, except it will convert
221 all module options to built in (=y) options.
223 You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools
224 in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.txt.
226 - NOTES on "make config":
228 - Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can
229 under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a
230 nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers
232 - A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the
233 coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just
234 never get used in that case. The kernel will be slightly larger,
235 but will work on different machines regardless of whether they
236 have a math coprocessor or not.
238 - The "kernel hacking" configuration details usually result in a
239 bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel
240 less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to
241 break bad code to find kernel problems (kmalloc()). Thus you
242 should probably answer 'n' to the questions for "development",
243 "experimental", or "debugging" features.
245 COMPILING the kernel:
247 - Make sure you have at least gcc 3.2 available.
248 For more information, refer to Documentation/Changes.
250 Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel.
252 - Do a "make" to create a compressed kernel image. It is also
253 possible to do "make install" if you have lilo installed to suit the
254 kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first.
256 To do the actual install, you have to be root, but none of the normal
257 build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain.
259 - If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as `modules', you
260 will also have to do "make modules_install".
262 - Verbose kernel compile/build output:
264 Normally, the kernel build system runs in a fairly quiet mode (but not
265 totally silent). However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need
266 to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed.
267 For this, use "verbose" build mode. This is done by passing
268 "V=1" to the "make" command, e.g.
272 To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each
273 target, use "V=2". The default is "V=0".
275 - Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong. This is
276 especially true for the development releases, since each new release
277 contains new code which has not been debugged. Make sure you keep a
278 backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well. If you
279 are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your
280 working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you
281 do a "make modules_install".
283 Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option
284 "LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version.
285 LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu.
287 - In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel
288 image (e.g. .../linux/arch/x86/boot/bzImage after compilation)
289 to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found.
291 - Booting a kernel directly from a floppy without the assistance of a
292 bootloader such as LILO, is no longer supported.
294 If you boot Linux from the hard drive, chances are you use LILO, which
295 uses the kernel image as specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf. The
296 kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or
297 /boot/bzImage. To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image
298 and copy the new image over the old one. Then, you MUST RERUN LILO
299 to update the loading map! If you don't, you won't be able to boot
300 the new kernel image.
302 Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo.
303 You may wish to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your
304 old kernel image (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not
305 work. See the LILO docs for more information.
307 After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set. Shutdown the system,
310 If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode,
311 ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the 'rdev' program (or
312 alternatively the LILO boot options when appropriate). No need to
313 recompile the kernel to change these parameters.
315 - Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy.
317 IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG:
319 - If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check
320 the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated
321 with the part of the kernel that you are having trouble with. If there
322 isn't anyone listed there, then the second best thing is to mail
323 them to me (torvalds@linux-foundation.org), and possibly to any other
324 relevant mailing-list or to the newsgroup.
326 - In all bug-reports, *please* tell what kernel you are talking about,
327 how to duplicate the problem, and what your setup is (use your common
328 sense). If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is
329 old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it.
331 - If the bug results in a message like
333 unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000010
336 eax: xxxxxxxx ebx: xxxxxxxx ecx: xxxxxxxx edx: xxxxxxxx
337 esi: xxxxxxxx edi: xxxxxxxx ebp: xxxxxxxx
338 ds: xxxx es: xxxx fs: xxxx gs: xxxx
339 Pid: xx, process nr: xx
340 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
342 or similar kernel debugging information on your screen or in your
343 system log, please duplicate it *exactly*. The dump may look
344 incomprehensible to you, but it does contain information that may
345 help debugging the problem. The text above the dump is also
346 important: it tells something about why the kernel dumped code (in
347 the above example, it's due to a bad kernel pointer). More information
348 on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/oops-tracing.txt
350 - If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump
351 as is, otherwise you will have to use the "ksymoops" program to make
352 sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred).
353 This utility can be downloaded from
354 ftp://ftp.<country>.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ .
355 Alternatively, you can do the dump lookup by hand:
357 - In debugging dumps like the above, it helps enormously if you can
358 look up what the EIP value means. The hex value as such doesn't help
359 me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular
360 kernel setup. What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP
361 line (ignore the "0010:"), and look it up in the kernel namelist to
362 see which kernel function contains the offending address.
364 To find out the kernel function name, you'll need to find the system
365 binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom. This is
366 the file 'linux/vmlinux'. To extract the namelist and match it against
367 the EIP from the kernel crash, do:
369 nm vmlinux | sort | less
371 This will give you a list of kernel addresses sorted in ascending
372 order, from which it is simple to find the function that contains the
373 offending address. Note that the address given by the kernel
374 debugging messages will not necessarily match exactly with the
375 function addresses (in fact, that is very unlikely), so you can't
376 just 'grep' the list: the list will, however, give you the starting
377 point of each kernel function, so by looking for the function that
378 has a starting address lower than the one you are searching for but
379 is followed by a function with a higher address you will find the one
380 you want. In fact, it may be a good idea to include a bit of
381 "context" in your problem report, giving a few lines around the
384 If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled
385 kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as
386 possible will help. Please read the REPORTING-BUGS document for details.
388 - Alternatively, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you
389 cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the
390 kernel with -g; edit arch/x86/Makefile appropriately, then do a "make
391 clean". You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via "make config").
393 After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do "gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore".
394 You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the
395 point where your system crashed is "l *0xXXXXXXXX". (Replace the XXXes
398 gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because gdb (wrongly)
399 disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled.