4 * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 * Author: Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>
7 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
9 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
11 * Derived from original vfio:
12 * Copyright 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
13 * Author: Tom Lyon, pugs@cisco.com
16 #include <linux/cdev.h>
17 #include <linux/compat.h>
18 #include <linux/device.h>
19 #include <linux/file.h>
20 #include <linux/anon_inodes.h>
22 #include <linux/idr.h>
23 #include <linux/iommu.h>
24 #include <linux/list.h>
25 #include <linux/miscdevice.h>
26 #include <linux/module.h>
27 #include <linux/mutex.h>
28 #include <linux/pci.h>
29 #include <linux/rwsem.h>
30 #include <linux/sched.h>
31 #include <linux/slab.h>
32 #include <linux/stat.h>
33 #include <linux/string.h>
34 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
35 #include <linux/vfio.h>
36 #include <linux/wait.h>
38 #define DRIVER_VERSION "0.3"
39 #define DRIVER_AUTHOR "Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>"
40 #define DRIVER_DESC "VFIO - User Level meta-driver"
44 struct list_head iommu_drivers_list;
45 struct mutex iommu_drivers_lock;
46 struct list_head group_list;
48 struct mutex group_lock;
49 struct cdev group_cdev;
51 wait_queue_head_t release_q;
54 struct vfio_iommu_driver {
55 const struct vfio_iommu_driver_ops *ops;
56 struct list_head vfio_next;
59 struct vfio_container {
61 struct list_head group_list;
62 struct rw_semaphore group_lock;
63 struct vfio_iommu_driver *iommu_driver;
68 struct vfio_unbound_dev {
70 struct list_head unbound_next;
76 atomic_t container_users;
77 struct iommu_group *iommu_group;
78 struct vfio_container *container;
79 struct list_head device_list;
80 struct mutex device_lock;
82 struct notifier_block nb;
83 struct list_head vfio_next;
84 struct list_head container_next;
85 struct list_head unbound_list;
86 struct mutex unbound_lock;
94 const struct vfio_device_ops *ops;
95 struct vfio_group *group;
96 struct list_head group_next;
100 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
101 static bool noiommu __read_mostly;
102 module_param_named(enable_unsafe_noiommu_mode,
103 noiommu, bool, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR);
104 MODULE_PARM_DESC(enable_unsafe_noiommu_mode, "Enable UNSAFE, no-IOMMU mode. This mode provides no device isolation, no DMA translation, no host kernel protection, cannot be used for device assignment to virtual machines, requires RAWIO permissions, and will taint the kernel. If you do not know what this is for, step away. (default: false)");
108 * vfio_iommu_group_{get,put} are only intended for VFIO bus driver probe
109 * and remove functions, any use cases other than acquiring the first
110 * reference for the purpose of calling vfio_add_group_dev() or removing
111 * that symmetric reference after vfio_del_group_dev() should use the raw
112 * iommu_group_{get,put} functions. In particular, vfio_iommu_group_put()
113 * removes the device from the dummy group and cannot be nested.
115 struct iommu_group *vfio_iommu_group_get(struct device *dev)
117 struct iommu_group *group;
118 int __maybe_unused ret;
120 group = iommu_group_get(dev);
122 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
124 * With noiommu enabled, an IOMMU group will be created for a device
125 * that doesn't already have one and doesn't have an iommu_ops on their
126 * bus. We set iommudata simply to be able to identify these groups
127 * as special use and for reclamation later.
129 if (group || !noiommu || iommu_present(dev->bus))
132 group = iommu_group_alloc();
136 iommu_group_set_name(group, "vfio-noiommu");
137 iommu_group_set_iommudata(group, &noiommu, NULL);
138 ret = iommu_group_add_device(group, dev);
139 iommu_group_put(group);
144 * Where to taint? At this point we've added an IOMMU group for a
145 * device that is not backed by iommu_ops, therefore any iommu_
146 * callback using iommu_ops can legitimately Oops. So, while we may
147 * be about to give a DMA capable device to a user without IOMMU
148 * protection, which is clearly taint-worthy, let's go ahead and do
151 add_taint(TAINT_USER, LOCKDEP_STILL_OK);
152 dev_warn(dev, "Adding kernel taint for vfio-noiommu group on device\n");
157 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_iommu_group_get);
159 void vfio_iommu_group_put(struct iommu_group *group, struct device *dev)
161 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
162 if (iommu_group_get_iommudata(group) == &noiommu)
163 iommu_group_remove_device(dev);
166 iommu_group_put(group);
168 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_iommu_group_put);
170 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
171 static void *vfio_noiommu_open(unsigned long arg)
173 if (arg != VFIO_NOIOMMU_IOMMU)
174 return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
175 if (!capable(CAP_SYS_RAWIO))
176 return ERR_PTR(-EPERM);
181 static void vfio_noiommu_release(void *iommu_data)
185 static long vfio_noiommu_ioctl(void *iommu_data,
186 unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
188 if (cmd == VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION)
189 return noiommu && (arg == VFIO_NOIOMMU_IOMMU) ? 1 : 0;
194 static int vfio_noiommu_attach_group(void *iommu_data,
195 struct iommu_group *iommu_group)
197 return iommu_group_get_iommudata(iommu_group) == &noiommu ? 0 : -EINVAL;
200 static void vfio_noiommu_detach_group(void *iommu_data,
201 struct iommu_group *iommu_group)
205 static const struct vfio_iommu_driver_ops vfio_noiommu_ops = {
206 .name = "vfio-noiommu",
207 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
208 .open = vfio_noiommu_open,
209 .release = vfio_noiommu_release,
210 .ioctl = vfio_noiommu_ioctl,
211 .attach_group = vfio_noiommu_attach_group,
212 .detach_group = vfio_noiommu_detach_group,
218 * IOMMU driver registration
220 int vfio_register_iommu_driver(const struct vfio_iommu_driver_ops *ops)
222 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver, *tmp;
224 driver = kzalloc(sizeof(*driver), GFP_KERNEL);
230 mutex_lock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
232 /* Check for duplicates */
233 list_for_each_entry(tmp, &vfio.iommu_drivers_list, vfio_next) {
234 if (tmp->ops == ops) {
235 mutex_unlock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
241 list_add(&driver->vfio_next, &vfio.iommu_drivers_list);
243 mutex_unlock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
247 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_register_iommu_driver);
249 void vfio_unregister_iommu_driver(const struct vfio_iommu_driver_ops *ops)
251 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
253 mutex_lock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
254 list_for_each_entry(driver, &vfio.iommu_drivers_list, vfio_next) {
255 if (driver->ops == ops) {
256 list_del(&driver->vfio_next);
257 mutex_unlock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
262 mutex_unlock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
264 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_unregister_iommu_driver);
267 * Group minor allocation/free - both called with vfio.group_lock held
269 static int vfio_alloc_group_minor(struct vfio_group *group)
271 return idr_alloc(&vfio.group_idr, group, 0, MINORMASK + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
274 static void vfio_free_group_minor(int minor)
276 idr_remove(&vfio.group_idr, minor);
279 static int vfio_iommu_group_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb,
280 unsigned long action, void *data);
281 static void vfio_group_get(struct vfio_group *group);
284 * Container objects - containers are created when /dev/vfio/vfio is
285 * opened, but their lifecycle extends until the last user is done, so
286 * it's freed via kref. Must support container/group/device being
287 * closed in any order.
289 static void vfio_container_get(struct vfio_container *container)
291 kref_get(&container->kref);
294 static void vfio_container_release(struct kref *kref)
296 struct vfio_container *container;
297 container = container_of(kref, struct vfio_container, kref);
302 static void vfio_container_put(struct vfio_container *container)
304 kref_put(&container->kref, vfio_container_release);
307 static void vfio_group_unlock_and_free(struct vfio_group *group)
309 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
311 * Unregister outside of lock. A spurious callback is harmless now
312 * that the group is no longer in vfio.group_list.
314 iommu_group_unregister_notifier(group->iommu_group, &group->nb);
319 * Group objects - create, release, get, put, search
321 static struct vfio_group *vfio_create_group(struct iommu_group *iommu_group)
323 struct vfio_group *group, *tmp;
327 group = kzalloc(sizeof(*group), GFP_KERNEL);
329 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
331 kref_init(&group->kref);
332 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&group->device_list);
333 mutex_init(&group->device_lock);
334 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&group->unbound_list);
335 mutex_init(&group->unbound_lock);
336 atomic_set(&group->container_users, 0);
337 atomic_set(&group->opened, 0);
338 group->iommu_group = iommu_group;
339 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
340 group->noiommu = (iommu_group_get_iommudata(iommu_group) == &noiommu);
343 group->nb.notifier_call = vfio_iommu_group_notifier;
346 * blocking notifiers acquire a rwsem around registering and hold
347 * it around callback. Therefore, need to register outside of
348 * vfio.group_lock to avoid A-B/B-A contention. Our callback won't
349 * do anything unless it can find the group in vfio.group_list, so
350 * no harm in registering early.
352 ret = iommu_group_register_notifier(iommu_group, &group->nb);
358 mutex_lock(&vfio.group_lock);
360 /* Did we race creating this group? */
361 list_for_each_entry(tmp, &vfio.group_list, vfio_next) {
362 if (tmp->iommu_group == iommu_group) {
364 vfio_group_unlock_and_free(group);
369 minor = vfio_alloc_group_minor(group);
371 vfio_group_unlock_and_free(group);
372 return ERR_PTR(minor);
375 dev = device_create(vfio.class, NULL,
376 MKDEV(MAJOR(vfio.group_devt), minor),
377 group, "%s%d", group->noiommu ? "noiommu-" : "",
378 iommu_group_id(iommu_group));
380 vfio_free_group_minor(minor);
381 vfio_group_unlock_and_free(group);
382 return (struct vfio_group *)dev; /* ERR_PTR */
385 group->minor = minor;
388 list_add(&group->vfio_next, &vfio.group_list);
390 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
395 /* called with vfio.group_lock held */
396 static void vfio_group_release(struct kref *kref)
398 struct vfio_group *group = container_of(kref, struct vfio_group, kref);
399 struct vfio_unbound_dev *unbound, *tmp;
400 struct iommu_group *iommu_group = group->iommu_group;
402 WARN_ON(!list_empty(&group->device_list));
404 list_for_each_entry_safe(unbound, tmp,
405 &group->unbound_list, unbound_next) {
406 list_del(&unbound->unbound_next);
410 device_destroy(vfio.class, MKDEV(MAJOR(vfio.group_devt), group->minor));
411 list_del(&group->vfio_next);
412 vfio_free_group_minor(group->minor);
413 vfio_group_unlock_and_free(group);
414 iommu_group_put(iommu_group);
417 static void vfio_group_put(struct vfio_group *group)
419 kref_put_mutex(&group->kref, vfio_group_release, &vfio.group_lock);
422 /* Assume group_lock or group reference is held */
423 static void vfio_group_get(struct vfio_group *group)
425 kref_get(&group->kref);
429 * Not really a try as we will sleep for mutex, but we need to make
430 * sure the group pointer is valid under lock and get a reference.
432 static struct vfio_group *vfio_group_try_get(struct vfio_group *group)
434 struct vfio_group *target = group;
436 mutex_lock(&vfio.group_lock);
437 list_for_each_entry(group, &vfio.group_list, vfio_next) {
438 if (group == target) {
439 vfio_group_get(group);
440 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
444 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
450 struct vfio_group *vfio_group_get_from_iommu(struct iommu_group *iommu_group)
452 struct vfio_group *group;
454 mutex_lock(&vfio.group_lock);
455 list_for_each_entry(group, &vfio.group_list, vfio_next) {
456 if (group->iommu_group == iommu_group) {
457 vfio_group_get(group);
458 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
462 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
467 static struct vfio_group *vfio_group_get_from_minor(int minor)
469 struct vfio_group *group;
471 mutex_lock(&vfio.group_lock);
472 group = idr_find(&vfio.group_idr, minor);
474 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
477 vfio_group_get(group);
478 mutex_unlock(&vfio.group_lock);
484 * Device objects - create, release, get, put, search
487 struct vfio_device *vfio_group_create_device(struct vfio_group *group,
489 const struct vfio_device_ops *ops,
492 struct vfio_device *device;
494 device = kzalloc(sizeof(*device), GFP_KERNEL);
496 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
498 kref_init(&device->kref);
500 device->group = group;
502 device->device_data = device_data;
503 dev_set_drvdata(dev, device);
505 /* No need to get group_lock, caller has group reference */
506 vfio_group_get(group);
508 mutex_lock(&group->device_lock);
509 list_add(&device->group_next, &group->device_list);
510 mutex_unlock(&group->device_lock);
515 static void vfio_device_release(struct kref *kref)
517 struct vfio_device *device = container_of(kref,
518 struct vfio_device, kref);
519 struct vfio_group *group = device->group;
521 list_del(&device->group_next);
522 mutex_unlock(&group->device_lock);
524 dev_set_drvdata(device->dev, NULL);
528 /* vfio_del_group_dev may be waiting for this device */
529 wake_up(&vfio.release_q);
532 /* Device reference always implies a group reference */
533 void vfio_device_put(struct vfio_device *device)
535 struct vfio_group *group = device->group;
536 kref_put_mutex(&device->kref, vfio_device_release, &group->device_lock);
537 vfio_group_put(group);
539 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_device_put);
541 static void vfio_device_get(struct vfio_device *device)
543 vfio_group_get(device->group);
544 kref_get(&device->kref);
547 static struct vfio_device *vfio_group_get_device(struct vfio_group *group,
550 struct vfio_device *device;
552 mutex_lock(&group->device_lock);
553 list_for_each_entry(device, &group->device_list, group_next) {
554 if (device->dev == dev) {
555 vfio_device_get(device);
556 mutex_unlock(&group->device_lock);
560 mutex_unlock(&group->device_lock);
565 * Some drivers, like pci-stub, are only used to prevent other drivers from
566 * claiming a device and are therefore perfectly legitimate for a user owned
567 * group. The pci-stub driver has no dependencies on DMA or the IOVA mapping
568 * of the device, but it does prevent the user from having direct access to
569 * the device, which is useful in some circumstances.
571 * We also assume that we can include PCI interconnect devices, ie. bridges.
572 * IOMMU grouping on PCI necessitates that if we lack isolation on a bridge
573 * then all of the downstream devices will be part of the same IOMMU group as
574 * the bridge. Thus, if placing the bridge into the user owned IOVA space
575 * breaks anything, it only does so for user owned devices downstream. Note
576 * that error notification via MSI can be affected for platforms that handle
577 * MSI within the same IOVA space as DMA.
579 static const char * const vfio_driver_whitelist[] = { "pci-stub" };
581 static bool vfio_dev_whitelisted(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
585 if (dev_is_pci(dev)) {
586 struct pci_dev *pdev = to_pci_dev(dev);
588 if (pdev->hdr_type != PCI_HEADER_TYPE_NORMAL)
592 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(vfio_driver_whitelist); i++) {
593 if (!strcmp(drv->name, vfio_driver_whitelist[i]))
601 * A vfio group is viable for use by userspace if all devices are in
602 * one of the following states:
604 * - bound to a vfio driver
605 * - bound to a whitelisted driver
606 * - a PCI interconnect device
608 * We use two methods to determine whether a device is bound to a vfio
609 * driver. The first is to test whether the device exists in the vfio
610 * group. The second is to test if the device exists on the group
611 * unbound_list, indicating it's in the middle of transitioning from
612 * a vfio driver to driver-less.
614 static int vfio_dev_viable(struct device *dev, void *data)
616 struct vfio_group *group = data;
617 struct vfio_device *device;
618 struct device_driver *drv = ACCESS_ONCE(dev->driver);
619 struct vfio_unbound_dev *unbound;
622 mutex_lock(&group->unbound_lock);
623 list_for_each_entry(unbound, &group->unbound_list, unbound_next) {
624 if (dev == unbound->dev) {
629 mutex_unlock(&group->unbound_lock);
631 if (!ret || !drv || vfio_dev_whitelisted(dev, drv))
634 device = vfio_group_get_device(group, dev);
636 vfio_device_put(device);
644 * Async device support
646 static int vfio_group_nb_add_dev(struct vfio_group *group, struct device *dev)
648 struct vfio_device *device;
650 /* Do we already know about it? We shouldn't */
651 device = vfio_group_get_device(group, dev);
652 if (WARN_ON_ONCE(device)) {
653 vfio_device_put(device);
657 /* Nothing to do for idle groups */
658 if (!atomic_read(&group->container_users))
661 /* TODO Prevent device auto probing */
662 WARN(1, "Device %s added to live group %d!\n", dev_name(dev),
663 iommu_group_id(group->iommu_group));
668 static int vfio_group_nb_verify(struct vfio_group *group, struct device *dev)
670 /* We don't care what happens when the group isn't in use */
671 if (!atomic_read(&group->container_users))
674 return vfio_dev_viable(dev, group);
677 static int vfio_iommu_group_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb,
678 unsigned long action, void *data)
680 struct vfio_group *group = container_of(nb, struct vfio_group, nb);
681 struct device *dev = data;
682 struct vfio_unbound_dev *unbound;
685 * Need to go through a group_lock lookup to get a reference or we
686 * risk racing a group being removed. Ignore spurious notifies.
688 group = vfio_group_try_get(group);
693 case IOMMU_GROUP_NOTIFY_ADD_DEVICE:
694 vfio_group_nb_add_dev(group, dev);
696 case IOMMU_GROUP_NOTIFY_DEL_DEVICE:
698 * Nothing to do here. If the device is in use, then the
699 * vfio sub-driver should block the remove callback until
700 * it is unused. If the device is unused or attached to a
701 * stub driver, then it should be released and we don't
702 * care that it will be going away.
705 case IOMMU_GROUP_NOTIFY_BIND_DRIVER:
706 pr_debug("%s: Device %s, group %d binding to driver\n",
707 __func__, dev_name(dev),
708 iommu_group_id(group->iommu_group));
710 case IOMMU_GROUP_NOTIFY_BOUND_DRIVER:
711 pr_debug("%s: Device %s, group %d bound to driver %s\n",
712 __func__, dev_name(dev),
713 iommu_group_id(group->iommu_group), dev->driver->name);
714 BUG_ON(vfio_group_nb_verify(group, dev));
716 case IOMMU_GROUP_NOTIFY_UNBIND_DRIVER:
717 pr_debug("%s: Device %s, group %d unbinding from driver %s\n",
718 __func__, dev_name(dev),
719 iommu_group_id(group->iommu_group), dev->driver->name);
721 case IOMMU_GROUP_NOTIFY_UNBOUND_DRIVER:
722 pr_debug("%s: Device %s, group %d unbound from driver\n",
723 __func__, dev_name(dev),
724 iommu_group_id(group->iommu_group));
726 * XXX An unbound device in a live group is ok, but we'd
727 * really like to avoid the above BUG_ON by preventing other
728 * drivers from binding to it. Once that occurs, we have to
729 * stop the system to maintain isolation. At a minimum, we'd
730 * want a toggle to disable driver auto probe for this device.
733 mutex_lock(&group->unbound_lock);
734 list_for_each_entry(unbound,
735 &group->unbound_list, unbound_next) {
736 if (dev == unbound->dev) {
737 list_del(&unbound->unbound_next);
742 mutex_unlock(&group->unbound_lock);
746 vfio_group_put(group);
753 int vfio_add_group_dev(struct device *dev,
754 const struct vfio_device_ops *ops, void *device_data)
756 struct iommu_group *iommu_group;
757 struct vfio_group *group;
758 struct vfio_device *device;
760 iommu_group = iommu_group_get(dev);
764 group = vfio_group_get_from_iommu(iommu_group);
766 group = vfio_create_group(iommu_group);
768 iommu_group_put(iommu_group);
769 return PTR_ERR(group);
773 * A found vfio_group already holds a reference to the
774 * iommu_group. A created vfio_group keeps the reference.
776 iommu_group_put(iommu_group);
779 device = vfio_group_get_device(group, dev);
781 WARN(1, "Device %s already exists on group %d\n",
782 dev_name(dev), iommu_group_id(iommu_group));
783 vfio_device_put(device);
784 vfio_group_put(group);
788 device = vfio_group_create_device(group, dev, ops, device_data);
789 if (IS_ERR(device)) {
790 vfio_group_put(group);
791 return PTR_ERR(device);
795 * Drop all but the vfio_device reference. The vfio_device holds
796 * a reference to the vfio_group, which holds a reference to the
799 vfio_group_put(group);
803 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_add_group_dev);
806 * Get a reference to the vfio_device for a device. Even if the
807 * caller thinks they own the device, they could be racing with a
808 * release call path, so we can't trust drvdata for the shortcut.
809 * Go the long way around, from the iommu_group to the vfio_group
810 * to the vfio_device.
812 struct vfio_device *vfio_device_get_from_dev(struct device *dev)
814 struct iommu_group *iommu_group;
815 struct vfio_group *group;
816 struct vfio_device *device;
818 iommu_group = iommu_group_get(dev);
822 group = vfio_group_get_from_iommu(iommu_group);
823 iommu_group_put(iommu_group);
827 device = vfio_group_get_device(group, dev);
828 vfio_group_put(group);
832 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_device_get_from_dev);
834 static struct vfio_device *vfio_device_get_from_name(struct vfio_group *group,
837 struct vfio_device *it, *device = NULL;
839 mutex_lock(&group->device_lock);
840 list_for_each_entry(it, &group->device_list, group_next) {
841 if (!strcmp(dev_name(it->dev), buf)) {
843 vfio_device_get(device);
847 mutex_unlock(&group->device_lock);
853 * Caller must hold a reference to the vfio_device
855 void *vfio_device_data(struct vfio_device *device)
857 return device->device_data;
859 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_device_data);
861 /* Given a referenced group, check if it contains the device */
862 static bool vfio_dev_present(struct vfio_group *group, struct device *dev)
864 struct vfio_device *device;
866 device = vfio_group_get_device(group, dev);
870 vfio_device_put(device);
875 * Decrement the device reference count and wait for the device to be
876 * removed. Open file descriptors for the device... */
877 void *vfio_del_group_dev(struct device *dev)
879 struct vfio_device *device = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
880 struct vfio_group *group = device->group;
881 void *device_data = device->device_data;
882 struct vfio_unbound_dev *unbound;
885 bool interrupted = false;
888 * The group exists so long as we have a device reference. Get
889 * a group reference and use it to scan for the device going away.
891 vfio_group_get(group);
894 * When the device is removed from the group, the group suddenly
895 * becomes non-viable; the device has a driver (until the unbind
896 * completes), but it's not present in the group. This is bad news
897 * for any external users that need to re-acquire a group reference
898 * in order to match and release their existing reference. To
899 * solve this, we track such devices on the unbound_list to bridge
900 * the gap until they're fully unbound.
902 unbound = kzalloc(sizeof(*unbound), GFP_KERNEL);
905 mutex_lock(&group->unbound_lock);
906 list_add(&unbound->unbound_next, &group->unbound_list);
907 mutex_unlock(&group->unbound_lock);
911 vfio_device_put(device);
914 * If the device is still present in the group after the above
915 * 'put', then it is in use and we need to request it from the
916 * bus driver. The driver may in turn need to request the
917 * device from the user. We send the request on an arbitrary
918 * interval with counter to allow the driver to take escalating
919 * measures to release the device if it has the ability to do so.
922 device = vfio_group_get_device(group, dev);
926 if (device->ops->request)
927 device->ops->request(device_data, i++);
929 vfio_device_put(device);
932 ret = wait_event_timeout(vfio.release_q,
933 !vfio_dev_present(group, dev), HZ * 10);
935 ret = wait_event_interruptible_timeout(vfio.release_q,
936 !vfio_dev_present(group, dev), HZ * 10);
937 if (ret == -ERESTARTSYS) {
940 "Device is currently in use, task"
942 "blocked until device is released",
943 current->comm, task_pid_nr(current));
948 vfio_group_put(group);
952 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_del_group_dev);
955 * VFIO base fd, /dev/vfio/vfio
957 static long vfio_ioctl_check_extension(struct vfio_container *container,
960 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
963 down_read(&container->group_lock);
965 driver = container->iommu_driver;
968 /* No base extensions yet */
971 * If no driver is set, poll all registered drivers for
972 * extensions and return the first positive result. If
973 * a driver is already set, further queries will be passed
974 * only to that driver.
977 mutex_lock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
978 list_for_each_entry(driver, &vfio.iommu_drivers_list,
981 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
982 if (!list_empty(&container->group_list) &&
983 (container->noiommu !=
984 (driver->ops == &vfio_noiommu_ops)))
988 if (!try_module_get(driver->ops->owner))
991 ret = driver->ops->ioctl(NULL,
992 VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION,
994 module_put(driver->ops->owner);
998 mutex_unlock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
1000 ret = driver->ops->ioctl(container->iommu_data,
1001 VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION, arg);
1004 up_read(&container->group_lock);
1009 /* hold write lock on container->group_lock */
1010 static int __vfio_container_attach_groups(struct vfio_container *container,
1011 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver,
1014 struct vfio_group *group;
1017 list_for_each_entry(group, &container->group_list, container_next) {
1018 ret = driver->ops->attach_group(data, group->iommu_group);
1026 list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(group, &container->group_list,
1028 driver->ops->detach_group(data, group->iommu_group);
1034 static long vfio_ioctl_set_iommu(struct vfio_container *container,
1037 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
1040 down_write(&container->group_lock);
1043 * The container is designed to be an unprivileged interface while
1044 * the group can be assigned to specific users. Therefore, only by
1045 * adding a group to a container does the user get the privilege of
1046 * enabling the iommu, which may allocate finite resources. There
1047 * is no unset_iommu, but by removing all the groups from a container,
1048 * the container is deprivileged and returns to an unset state.
1050 if (list_empty(&container->group_list) || container->iommu_driver) {
1051 up_write(&container->group_lock);
1055 mutex_lock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
1056 list_for_each_entry(driver, &vfio.iommu_drivers_list, vfio_next) {
1059 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
1061 * Only noiommu containers can use vfio-noiommu and noiommu
1062 * containers can only use vfio-noiommu.
1064 if (container->noiommu != (driver->ops == &vfio_noiommu_ops))
1068 if (!try_module_get(driver->ops->owner))
1072 * The arg magic for SET_IOMMU is the same as CHECK_EXTENSION,
1073 * so test which iommu driver reported support for this
1074 * extension and call open on them. We also pass them the
1075 * magic, allowing a single driver to support multiple
1076 * interfaces if they'd like.
1078 if (driver->ops->ioctl(NULL, VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION, arg) <= 0) {
1079 module_put(driver->ops->owner);
1083 data = driver->ops->open(arg);
1085 ret = PTR_ERR(data);
1086 module_put(driver->ops->owner);
1090 ret = __vfio_container_attach_groups(container, driver, data);
1092 driver->ops->release(data);
1093 module_put(driver->ops->owner);
1097 container->iommu_driver = driver;
1098 container->iommu_data = data;
1102 mutex_unlock(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
1103 up_write(&container->group_lock);
1108 static long vfio_fops_unl_ioctl(struct file *filep,
1109 unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
1111 struct vfio_container *container = filep->private_data;
1112 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
1120 case VFIO_GET_API_VERSION:
1121 ret = VFIO_API_VERSION;
1123 case VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION:
1124 ret = vfio_ioctl_check_extension(container, arg);
1126 case VFIO_SET_IOMMU:
1127 ret = vfio_ioctl_set_iommu(container, arg);
1130 down_read(&container->group_lock);
1132 driver = container->iommu_driver;
1133 data = container->iommu_data;
1135 if (driver) /* passthrough all unrecognized ioctls */
1136 ret = driver->ops->ioctl(data, cmd, arg);
1138 up_read(&container->group_lock);
1144 #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
1145 static long vfio_fops_compat_ioctl(struct file *filep,
1146 unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
1148 arg = (unsigned long)compat_ptr(arg);
1149 return vfio_fops_unl_ioctl(filep, cmd, arg);
1151 #endif /* CONFIG_COMPAT */
1153 static int vfio_fops_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
1155 struct vfio_container *container;
1157 container = kzalloc(sizeof(*container), GFP_KERNEL);
1161 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&container->group_list);
1162 init_rwsem(&container->group_lock);
1163 kref_init(&container->kref);
1165 filep->private_data = container;
1170 static int vfio_fops_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
1172 struct vfio_container *container = filep->private_data;
1174 filep->private_data = NULL;
1176 vfio_container_put(container);
1182 * Once an iommu driver is set, we optionally pass read/write/mmap
1183 * on to the driver, allowing management interfaces beyond ioctl.
1185 static ssize_t vfio_fops_read(struct file *filep, char __user *buf,
1186 size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
1188 struct vfio_container *container = filep->private_data;
1189 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
1190 ssize_t ret = -EINVAL;
1192 down_read(&container->group_lock);
1194 driver = container->iommu_driver;
1195 if (likely(driver && driver->ops->read))
1196 ret = driver->ops->read(container->iommu_data,
1199 up_read(&container->group_lock);
1204 static ssize_t vfio_fops_write(struct file *filep, const char __user *buf,
1205 size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
1207 struct vfio_container *container = filep->private_data;
1208 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
1209 ssize_t ret = -EINVAL;
1211 down_read(&container->group_lock);
1213 driver = container->iommu_driver;
1214 if (likely(driver && driver->ops->write))
1215 ret = driver->ops->write(container->iommu_data,
1218 up_read(&container->group_lock);
1223 static int vfio_fops_mmap(struct file *filep, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
1225 struct vfio_container *container = filep->private_data;
1226 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
1229 down_read(&container->group_lock);
1231 driver = container->iommu_driver;
1232 if (likely(driver && driver->ops->mmap))
1233 ret = driver->ops->mmap(container->iommu_data, vma);
1235 up_read(&container->group_lock);
1240 static const struct file_operations vfio_fops = {
1241 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
1242 .open = vfio_fops_open,
1243 .release = vfio_fops_release,
1244 .read = vfio_fops_read,
1245 .write = vfio_fops_write,
1246 .unlocked_ioctl = vfio_fops_unl_ioctl,
1247 #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
1248 .compat_ioctl = vfio_fops_compat_ioctl,
1250 .mmap = vfio_fops_mmap,
1254 * VFIO Group fd, /dev/vfio/$GROUP
1256 static void __vfio_group_unset_container(struct vfio_group *group)
1258 struct vfio_container *container = group->container;
1259 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
1261 down_write(&container->group_lock);
1263 driver = container->iommu_driver;
1265 driver->ops->detach_group(container->iommu_data,
1266 group->iommu_group);
1268 group->container = NULL;
1269 list_del(&group->container_next);
1271 /* Detaching the last group deprivileges a container, remove iommu */
1272 if (driver && list_empty(&container->group_list)) {
1273 driver->ops->release(container->iommu_data);
1274 module_put(driver->ops->owner);
1275 container->iommu_driver = NULL;
1276 container->iommu_data = NULL;
1279 up_write(&container->group_lock);
1281 vfio_container_put(container);
1285 * VFIO_GROUP_UNSET_CONTAINER should fail if there are other users or
1286 * if there was no container to unset. Since the ioctl is called on
1287 * the group, we know that still exists, therefore the only valid
1288 * transition here is 1->0.
1290 static int vfio_group_unset_container(struct vfio_group *group)
1292 int users = atomic_cmpxchg(&group->container_users, 1, 0);
1299 __vfio_group_unset_container(group);
1305 * When removing container users, anything that removes the last user
1306 * implicitly removes the group from the container. That is, if the
1307 * group file descriptor is closed, as well as any device file descriptors,
1308 * the group is free.
1310 static void vfio_group_try_dissolve_container(struct vfio_group *group)
1312 if (0 == atomic_dec_if_positive(&group->container_users))
1313 __vfio_group_unset_container(group);
1316 static int vfio_group_set_container(struct vfio_group *group, int container_fd)
1319 struct vfio_container *container;
1320 struct vfio_iommu_driver *driver;
1323 if (atomic_read(&group->container_users))
1326 if (group->noiommu && !capable(CAP_SYS_RAWIO))
1329 f = fdget(container_fd);
1333 /* Sanity check, is this really our fd? */
1334 if (f.file->f_op != &vfio_fops) {
1339 container = f.file->private_data;
1340 WARN_ON(!container); /* fget ensures we don't race vfio_release */
1342 down_write(&container->group_lock);
1344 /* Real groups and fake groups cannot mix */
1345 if (!list_empty(&container->group_list) &&
1346 container->noiommu != group->noiommu) {
1351 driver = container->iommu_driver;
1353 ret = driver->ops->attach_group(container->iommu_data,
1354 group->iommu_group);
1359 group->container = container;
1360 container->noiommu = group->noiommu;
1361 list_add(&group->container_next, &container->group_list);
1363 /* Get a reference on the container and mark a user within the group */
1364 vfio_container_get(container);
1365 atomic_inc(&group->container_users);
1368 up_write(&container->group_lock);
1373 static bool vfio_group_viable(struct vfio_group *group)
1375 return (iommu_group_for_each_dev(group->iommu_group,
1376 group, vfio_dev_viable) == 0);
1379 static const struct file_operations vfio_device_fops;
1381 static int vfio_group_get_device_fd(struct vfio_group *group, char *buf)
1383 struct vfio_device *device;
1387 if (0 == atomic_read(&group->container_users) ||
1388 !group->container->iommu_driver || !vfio_group_viable(group))
1391 if (group->noiommu && !capable(CAP_SYS_RAWIO))
1394 device = vfio_device_get_from_name(group, buf);
1398 ret = device->ops->open(device->device_data);
1400 vfio_device_put(device);
1405 * We can't use anon_inode_getfd() because we need to modify
1406 * the f_mode flags directly to allow more than just ioctls
1408 ret = get_unused_fd_flags(O_CLOEXEC);
1410 device->ops->release(device->device_data);
1411 vfio_device_put(device);
1415 filep = anon_inode_getfile("[vfio-device]", &vfio_device_fops,
1417 if (IS_ERR(filep)) {
1419 ret = PTR_ERR(filep);
1420 device->ops->release(device->device_data);
1421 vfio_device_put(device);
1426 * TODO: add an anon_inode interface to do this.
1427 * Appears to be missing by lack of need rather than
1428 * explicitly prevented. Now there's need.
1430 filep->f_mode |= (FMODE_LSEEK | FMODE_PREAD | FMODE_PWRITE);
1432 atomic_inc(&group->container_users);
1434 fd_install(ret, filep);
1437 dev_warn(device->dev, "vfio-noiommu device opened by user "
1438 "(%s:%d)\n", current->comm, task_pid_nr(current));
1443 static long vfio_group_fops_unl_ioctl(struct file *filep,
1444 unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
1446 struct vfio_group *group = filep->private_data;
1450 case VFIO_GROUP_GET_STATUS:
1452 struct vfio_group_status status;
1453 unsigned long minsz;
1455 minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_group_status, flags);
1457 if (copy_from_user(&status, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
1460 if (status.argsz < minsz)
1465 if (vfio_group_viable(group))
1466 status.flags |= VFIO_GROUP_FLAGS_VIABLE;
1468 if (group->container)
1469 status.flags |= VFIO_GROUP_FLAGS_CONTAINER_SET;
1471 if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &status, minsz))
1477 case VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER:
1481 if (get_user(fd, (int __user *)arg))
1487 ret = vfio_group_set_container(group, fd);
1490 case VFIO_GROUP_UNSET_CONTAINER:
1491 ret = vfio_group_unset_container(group);
1493 case VFIO_GROUP_GET_DEVICE_FD:
1497 buf = strndup_user((const char __user *)arg, PAGE_SIZE);
1499 return PTR_ERR(buf);
1501 ret = vfio_group_get_device_fd(group, buf);
1510 #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
1511 static long vfio_group_fops_compat_ioctl(struct file *filep,
1512 unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
1514 arg = (unsigned long)compat_ptr(arg);
1515 return vfio_group_fops_unl_ioctl(filep, cmd, arg);
1517 #endif /* CONFIG_COMPAT */
1519 static int vfio_group_fops_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
1521 struct vfio_group *group;
1524 group = vfio_group_get_from_minor(iminor(inode));
1528 if (group->noiommu && !capable(CAP_SYS_RAWIO)) {
1529 vfio_group_put(group);
1533 /* Do we need multiple instances of the group open? Seems not. */
1534 opened = atomic_cmpxchg(&group->opened, 0, 1);
1536 vfio_group_put(group);
1540 /* Is something still in use from a previous open? */
1541 if (group->container) {
1542 atomic_dec(&group->opened);
1543 vfio_group_put(group);
1547 filep->private_data = group;
1552 static int vfio_group_fops_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
1554 struct vfio_group *group = filep->private_data;
1556 filep->private_data = NULL;
1558 vfio_group_try_dissolve_container(group);
1560 atomic_dec(&group->opened);
1562 vfio_group_put(group);
1567 static const struct file_operations vfio_group_fops = {
1568 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
1569 .unlocked_ioctl = vfio_group_fops_unl_ioctl,
1570 #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
1571 .compat_ioctl = vfio_group_fops_compat_ioctl,
1573 .open = vfio_group_fops_open,
1574 .release = vfio_group_fops_release,
1580 static int vfio_device_fops_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
1582 struct vfio_device *device = filep->private_data;
1584 device->ops->release(device->device_data);
1586 vfio_group_try_dissolve_container(device->group);
1588 vfio_device_put(device);
1593 static long vfio_device_fops_unl_ioctl(struct file *filep,
1594 unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
1596 struct vfio_device *device = filep->private_data;
1598 if (unlikely(!device->ops->ioctl))
1601 return device->ops->ioctl(device->device_data, cmd, arg);
1604 static ssize_t vfio_device_fops_read(struct file *filep, char __user *buf,
1605 size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
1607 struct vfio_device *device = filep->private_data;
1609 if (unlikely(!device->ops->read))
1612 return device->ops->read(device->device_data, buf, count, ppos);
1615 static ssize_t vfio_device_fops_write(struct file *filep,
1616 const char __user *buf,
1617 size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
1619 struct vfio_device *device = filep->private_data;
1621 if (unlikely(!device->ops->write))
1624 return device->ops->write(device->device_data, buf, count, ppos);
1627 static int vfio_device_fops_mmap(struct file *filep, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
1629 struct vfio_device *device = filep->private_data;
1631 if (unlikely(!device->ops->mmap))
1634 return device->ops->mmap(device->device_data, vma);
1637 #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
1638 static long vfio_device_fops_compat_ioctl(struct file *filep,
1639 unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
1641 arg = (unsigned long)compat_ptr(arg);
1642 return vfio_device_fops_unl_ioctl(filep, cmd, arg);
1644 #endif /* CONFIG_COMPAT */
1646 static const struct file_operations vfio_device_fops = {
1647 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
1648 .release = vfio_device_fops_release,
1649 .read = vfio_device_fops_read,
1650 .write = vfio_device_fops_write,
1651 .unlocked_ioctl = vfio_device_fops_unl_ioctl,
1652 #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
1653 .compat_ioctl = vfio_device_fops_compat_ioctl,
1655 .mmap = vfio_device_fops_mmap,
1659 * External user API, exported by symbols to be linked dynamically.
1661 * The protocol includes:
1662 * 1. do normal VFIO init operation:
1663 * - opening a new container;
1664 * - attaching group(s) to it;
1665 * - setting an IOMMU driver for a container.
1666 * When IOMMU is set for a container, all groups in it are
1667 * considered ready to use by an external user.
1669 * 2. User space passes a group fd to an external user.
1670 * The external user calls vfio_group_get_external_user()
1672 * - the group is initialized;
1673 * - IOMMU is set for it.
1674 * If both checks passed, vfio_group_get_external_user()
1675 * increments the container user counter to prevent
1676 * the VFIO group from disposal before KVM exits.
1678 * 3. The external user calls vfio_external_user_iommu_id()
1679 * to know an IOMMU ID.
1681 * 4. When the external KVM finishes, it calls
1682 * vfio_group_put_external_user() to release the VFIO group.
1683 * This call decrements the container user counter.
1685 struct vfio_group *vfio_group_get_external_user(struct file *filep)
1687 struct vfio_group *group = filep->private_data;
1689 if (filep->f_op != &vfio_group_fops)
1690 return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
1692 if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&group->container_users))
1693 return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
1695 if (group->noiommu) {
1696 atomic_dec(&group->container_users);
1697 return ERR_PTR(-EPERM);
1700 if (!group->container->iommu_driver ||
1701 !vfio_group_viable(group)) {
1702 atomic_dec(&group->container_users);
1703 return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
1706 vfio_group_get(group);
1710 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_group_get_external_user);
1712 void vfio_group_put_external_user(struct vfio_group *group)
1714 vfio_group_put(group);
1715 vfio_group_try_dissolve_container(group);
1717 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_group_put_external_user);
1719 int vfio_external_user_iommu_id(struct vfio_group *group)
1721 return iommu_group_id(group->iommu_group);
1723 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_external_user_iommu_id);
1725 long vfio_external_check_extension(struct vfio_group *group, unsigned long arg)
1727 return vfio_ioctl_check_extension(group->container, arg);
1729 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_external_check_extension);
1732 * Sub-module support
1735 * Helper for managing a buffer of info chain capabilities, allocate or
1736 * reallocate a buffer with additional @size, filling in @id and @version
1737 * of the capability. A pointer to the new capability is returned.
1739 * NB. The chain is based at the head of the buffer, so new entries are
1740 * added to the tail, vfio_info_cap_shift() should be called to fixup the
1741 * next offsets prior to copying to the user buffer.
1743 struct vfio_info_cap_header *vfio_info_cap_add(struct vfio_info_cap *caps,
1744 size_t size, u16 id, u16 version)
1747 struct vfio_info_cap_header *header, *tmp;
1749 buf = krealloc(caps->buf, caps->size + size, GFP_KERNEL);
1753 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
1757 header = buf + caps->size;
1759 /* Eventually copied to user buffer, zero */
1760 memset(header, 0, size);
1763 header->version = version;
1765 /* Add to the end of the capability chain */
1766 for (tmp = caps->buf; tmp->next; tmp = (void *)tmp + tmp->next)
1769 tmp->next = caps->size;
1774 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_info_cap_add);
1776 void vfio_info_cap_shift(struct vfio_info_cap *caps, size_t offset)
1778 struct vfio_info_cap_header *tmp;
1780 for (tmp = caps->buf; tmp->next; tmp = (void *)tmp + tmp->next - offset)
1781 tmp->next += offset;
1783 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_info_cap_shift);
1786 * Module/class support
1788 static char *vfio_devnode(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode)
1790 return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "vfio/%s", dev_name(dev));
1793 static struct miscdevice vfio_dev = {
1794 .minor = VFIO_MINOR,
1797 .nodename = "vfio/vfio",
1798 .mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO,
1801 static int __init vfio_init(void)
1805 idr_init(&vfio.group_idr);
1806 mutex_init(&vfio.group_lock);
1807 mutex_init(&vfio.iommu_drivers_lock);
1808 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vfio.group_list);
1809 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vfio.iommu_drivers_list);
1810 init_waitqueue_head(&vfio.release_q);
1812 ret = misc_register(&vfio_dev);
1814 pr_err("vfio: misc device register failed\n");
1818 /* /dev/vfio/$GROUP */
1819 vfio.class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "vfio");
1820 if (IS_ERR(vfio.class)) {
1821 ret = PTR_ERR(vfio.class);
1825 vfio.class->devnode = vfio_devnode;
1827 ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&vfio.group_devt, 0, MINORMASK, "vfio");
1829 goto err_alloc_chrdev;
1831 cdev_init(&vfio.group_cdev, &vfio_group_fops);
1832 ret = cdev_add(&vfio.group_cdev, vfio.group_devt, MINORMASK);
1836 pr_info(DRIVER_DESC " version: " DRIVER_VERSION "\n");
1839 * Attempt to load known iommu-drivers. This gives us a working
1840 * environment without the user needing to explicitly load iommu
1843 request_module_nowait("vfio_iommu_type1");
1844 request_module_nowait("vfio_iommu_spapr_tce");
1846 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
1847 vfio_register_iommu_driver(&vfio_noiommu_ops);
1852 unregister_chrdev_region(vfio.group_devt, MINORMASK);
1854 class_destroy(vfio.class);
1857 misc_deregister(&vfio_dev);
1861 static void __exit vfio_cleanup(void)
1863 WARN_ON(!list_empty(&vfio.group_list));
1865 #ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_NOIOMMU
1866 vfio_unregister_iommu_driver(&vfio_noiommu_ops);
1868 idr_destroy(&vfio.group_idr);
1869 cdev_del(&vfio.group_cdev);
1870 unregister_chrdev_region(vfio.group_devt, MINORMASK);
1871 class_destroy(vfio.class);
1873 misc_deregister(&vfio_dev);
1876 module_init(vfio_init);
1877 module_exit(vfio_cleanup);
1879 MODULE_VERSION(DRIVER_VERSION);
1880 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
1881 MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR);
1882 MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC);
1883 MODULE_ALIAS_MISCDEV(VFIO_MINOR);
1884 MODULE_ALIAS("devname:vfio/vfio");