2 * linux/fs/ext2/ialloc.c
4 * Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995
5 * Remy Card (card@masi.ibp.fr)
6 * Laboratoire MASI - Institut Blaise Pascal
7 * Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI)
9 * BSD ufs-inspired inode and directory allocation by
10 * Stephen Tweedie (sct@dcs.ed.ac.uk), 1993
11 * Big-endian to little-endian byte-swapping/bitmaps by
12 * David S. Miller (davem@caip.rutgers.edu), 1995
15 #include <linux/quotaops.h>
16 #include <linux/sched.h>
17 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
18 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
19 #include <linux/random.h>
25 * ialloc.c contains the inodes allocation and deallocation routines
29 * The free inodes are managed by bitmaps. A file system contains several
30 * blocks groups. Each group contains 1 bitmap block for blocks, 1 bitmap
31 * block for inodes, N blocks for the inode table and data blocks.
33 * The file system contains group descriptors which are located after the
34 * super block. Each descriptor contains the number of the bitmap block and
35 * the free blocks count in the block.
40 * Read the inode allocation bitmap for a given block_group, reading
41 * into the specified slot in the superblock's bitmap cache.
43 * Return buffer_head of bitmap on success or NULL.
45 static struct buffer_head *
46 read_inode_bitmap(struct super_block * sb, unsigned long block_group)
48 struct ext2_group_desc *desc;
49 struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
51 desc = ext2_get_group_desc(sb, block_group, NULL);
55 bh = sb_bread(sb, le32_to_cpu(desc->bg_inode_bitmap));
57 ext2_error(sb, "read_inode_bitmap",
58 "Cannot read inode bitmap - "
59 "block_group = %lu, inode_bitmap = %u",
60 block_group, le32_to_cpu(desc->bg_inode_bitmap));
65 static void ext2_release_inode(struct super_block *sb, int group, int dir)
67 struct ext2_group_desc * desc;
68 struct buffer_head *bh;
70 desc = ext2_get_group_desc(sb, group, &bh);
72 ext2_error(sb, "ext2_release_inode",
73 "can't get descriptor for group %d", group);
77 spin_lock(sb_bgl_lock(EXT2_SB(sb), group));
78 le16_add_cpu(&desc->bg_free_inodes_count, 1);
80 le16_add_cpu(&desc->bg_used_dirs_count, -1);
81 spin_unlock(sb_bgl_lock(EXT2_SB(sb), group));
83 percpu_counter_dec(&EXT2_SB(sb)->s_dirs_counter);
85 mark_buffer_dirty(bh);
89 * NOTE! When we get the inode, we're the only people
90 * that have access to it, and as such there are no
91 * race conditions we have to worry about. The inode
92 * is not on the hash-lists, and it cannot be reached
93 * through the filesystem because the directory entry
94 * has been deleted earlier.
96 * HOWEVER: we must make sure that we get no aliases,
97 * which means that we have to call "clear_inode()"
98 * _before_ we mark the inode not in use in the inode
99 * bitmaps. Otherwise a newly created file might use
100 * the same inode number (not actually the same pointer
101 * though), and then we'd have two inodes sharing the
102 * same inode number and space on the harddisk.
104 void ext2_free_inode (struct inode * inode)
106 struct super_block * sb = inode->i_sb;
109 struct buffer_head *bitmap_bh;
110 unsigned long block_group;
112 struct ext2_super_block * es;
115 ext2_debug ("freeing inode %lu\n", ino);
118 * Note: we must free any quota before locking the superblock,
119 * as writing the quota to disk may need the lock as well.
121 /* Quota is already initialized in iput() */
122 ext2_xattr_delete_inode(inode);
123 dquot_free_inode(inode);
126 es = EXT2_SB(sb)->s_es;
127 is_directory = S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode);
129 if (ino < EXT2_FIRST_INO(sb) ||
130 ino > le32_to_cpu(es->s_inodes_count)) {
131 ext2_error (sb, "ext2_free_inode",
132 "reserved or nonexistent inode %lu", ino);
135 block_group = (ino - 1) / EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb);
136 bit = (ino - 1) % EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb);
137 bitmap_bh = read_inode_bitmap(sb, block_group);
141 /* Ok, now we can actually update the inode bitmaps.. */
142 if (!ext2_clear_bit_atomic(sb_bgl_lock(EXT2_SB(sb), block_group),
143 bit, (void *) bitmap_bh->b_data))
144 ext2_error (sb, "ext2_free_inode",
145 "bit already cleared for inode %lu", ino);
147 ext2_release_inode(sb, block_group, is_directory);
148 mark_buffer_dirty(bitmap_bh);
149 if (sb->s_flags & MS_SYNCHRONOUS)
150 sync_dirty_buffer(bitmap_bh);
156 * We perform asynchronous prereading of the new inode's inode block when
157 * we create the inode, in the expectation that the inode will be written
158 * back soon. There are two reasons:
160 * - When creating a large number of files, the async prereads will be
161 * nicely merged into large reads
162 * - When writing out a large number of inodes, we don't need to keep on
163 * stalling the writes while we read the inode block.
165 * FIXME: ext2_get_group_desc() needs to be simplified.
167 static void ext2_preread_inode(struct inode *inode)
169 unsigned long block_group;
170 unsigned long offset;
172 struct ext2_group_desc * gdp;
173 struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
175 bdi = inode->i_mapping->backing_dev_info;
176 if (bdi_read_congested(bdi))
178 if (bdi_write_congested(bdi))
181 block_group = (inode->i_ino - 1) / EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb);
182 gdp = ext2_get_group_desc(inode->i_sb, block_group, NULL);
187 * Figure out the offset within the block group inode table
189 offset = ((inode->i_ino - 1) % EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb)) *
190 EXT2_INODE_SIZE(inode->i_sb);
191 block = le32_to_cpu(gdp->bg_inode_table) +
192 (offset >> EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(inode->i_sb));
193 sb_breadahead(inode->i_sb, block);
197 * There are two policies for allocating an inode. If the new inode is
198 * a directory, then a forward search is made for a block group with both
199 * free space and a low directory-to-inode ratio; if that fails, then of
200 * the groups with above-average free space, that group with the fewest
201 * directories already is chosen.
203 * For other inodes, search forward from the parent directory\'s block
204 * group to find a free inode.
206 static int find_group_dir(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *parent)
208 int ngroups = EXT2_SB(sb)->s_groups_count;
209 int avefreei = ext2_count_free_inodes(sb) / ngroups;
210 struct ext2_group_desc *desc, *best_desc = NULL;
211 int group, best_group = -1;
213 for (group = 0; group < ngroups; group++) {
214 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, group, NULL);
215 if (!desc || !desc->bg_free_inodes_count)
217 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count) < avefreei)
220 (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_blocks_count) >
221 le16_to_cpu(best_desc->bg_free_blocks_count))) {
233 * Orlov's allocator for directories.
235 * We always try to spread first-level directories.
237 * If there are blockgroups with both free inodes and free blocks counts
238 * not worse than average we return one with smallest directory count.
239 * Otherwise we simply return a random group.
241 * For the rest rules look so:
243 * It's OK to put directory into a group unless
244 * it has too many directories already (max_dirs) or
245 * it has too few free inodes left (min_inodes) or
246 * it has too few free blocks left (min_blocks) or
247 * it's already running too large debt (max_debt).
248 * Parent's group is preferred, if it doesn't satisfy these
249 * conditions we search cyclically through the rest. If none
250 * of the groups look good we just look for a group with more
251 * free inodes than average (starting at parent's group).
253 * Debt is incremented each time we allocate a directory and decremented
254 * when we allocate an inode, within 0--255.
257 #define INODE_COST 64
258 #define BLOCK_COST 256
260 static int find_group_orlov(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *parent)
262 int parent_group = EXT2_I(parent)->i_block_group;
263 struct ext2_sb_info *sbi = EXT2_SB(sb);
264 struct ext2_super_block *es = sbi->s_es;
265 int ngroups = sbi->s_groups_count;
266 int inodes_per_group = EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb);
273 int max_debt, max_dirs, min_blocks, min_inodes;
275 struct ext2_group_desc *desc;
277 freei = percpu_counter_read_positive(&sbi->s_freeinodes_counter);
278 avefreei = freei / ngroups;
279 free_blocks = percpu_counter_read_positive(&sbi->s_freeblocks_counter);
280 avefreeb = free_blocks / ngroups;
281 ndirs = percpu_counter_read_positive(&sbi->s_dirs_counter);
283 if ((parent == sb->s_root->d_inode) ||
284 (EXT2_I(parent)->i_flags & EXT2_TOPDIR_FL)) {
285 struct ext2_group_desc *best_desc = NULL;
286 int best_ndir = inodes_per_group;
289 get_random_bytes(&group, sizeof(group));
290 parent_group = (unsigned)group % ngroups;
291 for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) {
292 group = (parent_group + i) % ngroups;
293 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, group, NULL);
294 if (!desc || !desc->bg_free_inodes_count)
296 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_used_dirs_count) >= best_ndir)
298 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count) < avefreei)
300 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_blocks_count) < avefreeb)
303 best_ndir = le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_used_dirs_count);
306 if (best_group >= 0) {
315 ndirs = 1; /* percpu_counters are approximate... */
317 blocks_per_dir = (le32_to_cpu(es->s_blocks_count)-free_blocks) / ndirs;
319 max_dirs = ndirs / ngroups + inodes_per_group / 16;
320 min_inodes = avefreei - inodes_per_group / 4;
321 min_blocks = avefreeb - EXT2_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(sb) / 4;
323 max_debt = EXT2_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(sb) / max(blocks_per_dir, BLOCK_COST);
324 if (max_debt * INODE_COST > inodes_per_group)
325 max_debt = inodes_per_group / INODE_COST;
331 for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) {
332 group = (parent_group + i) % ngroups;
333 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, group, NULL);
334 if (!desc || !desc->bg_free_inodes_count)
336 if (sbi->s_debts[group] >= max_debt)
338 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_used_dirs_count) >= max_dirs)
340 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count) < min_inodes)
342 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_blocks_count) < min_blocks)
348 for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) {
349 group = (parent_group + i) % ngroups;
350 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, group, NULL);
351 if (!desc || !desc->bg_free_inodes_count)
353 if (le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count) >= avefreei)
359 * The free-inodes counter is approximate, and for really small
360 * filesystems the above test can fail to find any blockgroups
372 static int find_group_other(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *parent)
374 int parent_group = EXT2_I(parent)->i_block_group;
375 int ngroups = EXT2_SB(sb)->s_groups_count;
376 struct ext2_group_desc *desc;
380 * Try to place the inode in its parent directory
382 group = parent_group;
383 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, group, NULL);
384 if (desc && le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count) &&
385 le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_blocks_count))
389 * We're going to place this inode in a different blockgroup from its
390 * parent. We want to cause files in a common directory to all land in
391 * the same blockgroup. But we want files which are in a different
392 * directory which shares a blockgroup with our parent to land in a
393 * different blockgroup.
395 * So add our directory's i_ino into the starting point for the hash.
397 group = (group + parent->i_ino) % ngroups;
400 * Use a quadratic hash to find a group with a free inode and some
403 for (i = 1; i < ngroups; i <<= 1) {
405 if (group >= ngroups)
407 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, group, NULL);
408 if (desc && le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count) &&
409 le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_blocks_count))
414 * That failed: try linear search for a free inode, even if that group
415 * has no free blocks.
417 group = parent_group;
418 for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) {
419 if (++group >= ngroups)
421 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, group, NULL);
422 if (desc && le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count))
432 struct inode *ext2_new_inode(struct inode *dir, int mode,
433 const struct qstr *qstr)
435 struct super_block *sb;
436 struct buffer_head *bitmap_bh = NULL;
437 struct buffer_head *bh2;
440 struct inode * inode;
441 struct ext2_group_desc *gdp;
442 struct ext2_super_block *es;
443 struct ext2_inode_info *ei;
444 struct ext2_sb_info *sbi;
448 inode = new_inode(sb);
450 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
456 if (test_opt(sb, OLDALLOC))
457 group = find_group_dir(sb, dir);
459 group = find_group_orlov(sb, dir);
461 group = find_group_other(sb, dir);
468 for (i = 0; i < sbi->s_groups_count; i++) {
469 gdp = ext2_get_group_desc(sb, group, &bh2);
471 bitmap_bh = read_inode_bitmap(sb, group);
478 repeat_in_this_group:
479 ino = ext2_find_next_zero_bit((unsigned long *)bitmap_bh->b_data,
480 EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb), ino);
481 if (ino >= EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb)) {
483 * Rare race: find_group_xx() decided that there were
484 * free inodes in this group, but by the time we tried
485 * to allocate one, they're all gone. This can also
486 * occur because the counters which find_group_orlov()
487 * uses are approximate. So just go and search the
490 if (++group == sbi->s_groups_count)
494 if (ext2_set_bit_atomic(sb_bgl_lock(sbi, group),
495 ino, bitmap_bh->b_data)) {
496 /* we lost this inode */
497 if (++ino >= EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb)) {
498 /* this group is exhausted, try next group */
499 if (++group == sbi->s_groups_count)
503 /* try to find free inode in the same group */
504 goto repeat_in_this_group;
510 * Scanned all blockgroups.
515 mark_buffer_dirty(bitmap_bh);
516 if (sb->s_flags & MS_SYNCHRONOUS)
517 sync_dirty_buffer(bitmap_bh);
520 ino += group * EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb) + 1;
521 if (ino < EXT2_FIRST_INO(sb) || ino > le32_to_cpu(es->s_inodes_count)) {
522 ext2_error (sb, "ext2_new_inode",
523 "reserved inode or inode > inodes count - "
524 "block_group = %d,inode=%lu", group,
525 (unsigned long) ino);
530 percpu_counter_add(&sbi->s_freeinodes_counter, -1);
532 percpu_counter_inc(&sbi->s_dirs_counter);
534 spin_lock(sb_bgl_lock(sbi, group));
535 le16_add_cpu(&gdp->bg_free_inodes_count, -1);
537 if (sbi->s_debts[group] < 255)
538 sbi->s_debts[group]++;
539 le16_add_cpu(&gdp->bg_used_dirs_count, 1);
541 if (sbi->s_debts[group])
542 sbi->s_debts[group]--;
544 spin_unlock(sb_bgl_lock(sbi, group));
547 mark_buffer_dirty(bh2);
548 if (test_opt(sb, GRPID)) {
549 inode->i_mode = mode;
550 inode->i_uid = current_fsuid();
551 inode->i_gid = dir->i_gid;
553 inode_init_owner(inode, dir, mode);
557 inode->i_mtime = inode->i_atime = inode->i_ctime = CURRENT_TIME_SEC;
558 memset(ei->i_data, 0, sizeof(ei->i_data));
560 ext2_mask_flags(mode, EXT2_I(dir)->i_flags & EXT2_FL_INHERITED);
567 ei->i_block_alloc_info = NULL;
568 ei->i_block_group = group;
569 ei->i_dir_start_lookup = 0;
570 ei->i_state = EXT2_STATE_NEW;
571 ext2_set_inode_flags(inode);
572 spin_lock(&sbi->s_next_gen_lock);
573 inode->i_generation = sbi->s_next_generation++;
574 spin_unlock(&sbi->s_next_gen_lock);
575 if (insert_inode_locked(inode) < 0) {
580 dquot_initialize(inode);
581 err = dquot_alloc_inode(inode);
585 err = ext2_init_acl(inode, dir);
589 err = ext2_init_security(inode, dir, qstr);
593 mark_inode_dirty(inode);
594 ext2_debug("allocating inode %lu\n", inode->i_ino);
595 ext2_preread_inode(inode);
599 dquot_free_inode(inode);
603 inode->i_flags |= S_NOQUOTA;
605 unlock_new_inode(inode);
610 make_bad_inode(inode);
615 unsigned long ext2_count_free_inodes (struct super_block * sb)
617 struct ext2_group_desc *desc;
618 unsigned long desc_count = 0;
622 struct ext2_super_block *es;
623 unsigned long bitmap_count = 0;
624 struct buffer_head *bitmap_bh = NULL;
626 es = EXT2_SB(sb)->s_es;
627 for (i = 0; i < EXT2_SB(sb)->s_groups_count; i++) {
630 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, i, NULL);
633 desc_count += le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count);
635 bitmap_bh = read_inode_bitmap(sb, i);
639 x = ext2_count_free(bitmap_bh, EXT2_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb) / 8);
640 printk("group %d: stored = %d, counted = %u\n",
641 i, le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count), x);
645 printk("ext2_count_free_inodes: stored = %lu, computed = %lu, %lu\n",
646 percpu_counter_read(&EXT2_SB(sb)->s_freeinodes_counter),
647 desc_count, bitmap_count);
650 for (i = 0; i < EXT2_SB(sb)->s_groups_count; i++) {
651 desc = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, i, NULL);
654 desc_count += le16_to_cpu(desc->bg_free_inodes_count);
660 /* Called at mount-time, super-block is locked */
661 unsigned long ext2_count_dirs (struct super_block * sb)
663 unsigned long count = 0;
666 for (i = 0; i < EXT2_SB(sb)->s_groups_count; i++) {
667 struct ext2_group_desc *gdp = ext2_get_group_desc (sb, i, NULL);
670 count += le16_to_cpu(gdp->bg_used_dirs_count);