2 * Kernel Probes (KProbes)
5 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
8 * (at your option) any later version.
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 * GNU General Public License for more details.
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
17 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
19 * Copyright (C) IBM Corporation, 2002, 2004
21 * 2002-Oct Created by Vamsi Krishna S <vamsi_krishna@in.ibm.com> Kernel
22 * Probes initial implementation (includes suggestions from
24 * 2004-Aug Updated by Prasanna S Panchamukhi <prasanna@in.ibm.com> with
25 * hlists and exceptions notifier as suggested by Andi Kleen.
26 * 2004-July Suparna Bhattacharya <suparna@in.ibm.com> added jumper probes
27 * interface to access function arguments.
28 * 2004-Sep Prasanna S Panchamukhi <prasanna@in.ibm.com> Changed Kprobes
29 * exceptions notifier to be first on the priority list.
30 * 2005-May Hien Nguyen <hien@us.ibm.com>, Jim Keniston
31 * <jkenisto@us.ibm.com> and Prasanna S Panchamukhi
32 * <prasanna@in.ibm.com> added function-return probes.
34 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
35 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
36 #include <linux/hash.h>
37 #include <linux/init.h>
38 #include <linux/module.h>
39 #include <linux/moduleloader.h>
40 #include <asm-generic/sections.h>
41 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
42 #include <asm/errno.h>
43 #include <asm/kdebug.h>
45 #define KPROBE_HASH_BITS 6
46 #define KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE (1 << KPROBE_HASH_BITS)
48 static struct hlist_head kprobe_table[KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE];
49 static struct hlist_head kretprobe_inst_table[KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE];
51 unsigned int kprobe_cpu = NR_CPUS;
52 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(kprobe_lock);
53 static struct kprobe *curr_kprobe;
56 * kprobe->ainsn.insn points to the copy of the instruction to be
57 * single-stepped. x86_64, POWER4 and above have no-exec support and
58 * stepping on the instruction on a vmalloced/kmalloced/data page
59 * is a recipe for disaster
61 #define INSNS_PER_PAGE (PAGE_SIZE/(MAX_INSN_SIZE * sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t)))
63 struct kprobe_insn_page {
64 struct hlist_node hlist;
65 kprobe_opcode_t *insns; /* Page of instruction slots */
66 char slot_used[INSNS_PER_PAGE];
70 static struct hlist_head kprobe_insn_pages;
73 * get_insn_slot() - Find a slot on an executable page for an instruction.
74 * We allocate an executable page if there's no room on existing ones.
76 kprobe_opcode_t __kprobes *get_insn_slot(void)
78 struct kprobe_insn_page *kip;
79 struct hlist_node *pos;
81 hlist_for_each(pos, &kprobe_insn_pages) {
82 kip = hlist_entry(pos, struct kprobe_insn_page, hlist);
83 if (kip->nused < INSNS_PER_PAGE) {
85 for (i = 0; i < INSNS_PER_PAGE; i++) {
86 if (!kip->slot_used[i]) {
87 kip->slot_used[i] = 1;
89 return kip->insns + (i * MAX_INSN_SIZE);
92 /* Surprise! No unused slots. Fix kip->nused. */
93 kip->nused = INSNS_PER_PAGE;
97 /* All out of space. Need to allocate a new page. Use slot 0.*/
98 kip = kmalloc(sizeof(struct kprobe_insn_page), GFP_KERNEL);
104 * Use module_alloc so this page is within +/- 2GB of where the
105 * kernel image and loaded module images reside. This is required
106 * so x86_64 can correctly handle the %rip-relative fixups.
108 kip->insns = module_alloc(PAGE_SIZE);
113 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&kip->hlist);
114 hlist_add_head(&kip->hlist, &kprobe_insn_pages);
115 memset(kip->slot_used, 0, INSNS_PER_PAGE);
116 kip->slot_used[0] = 1;
121 void __kprobes free_insn_slot(kprobe_opcode_t *slot)
123 struct kprobe_insn_page *kip;
124 struct hlist_node *pos;
126 hlist_for_each(pos, &kprobe_insn_pages) {
127 kip = hlist_entry(pos, struct kprobe_insn_page, hlist);
128 if (kip->insns <= slot &&
129 slot < kip->insns + (INSNS_PER_PAGE * MAX_INSN_SIZE)) {
130 int i = (slot - kip->insns) / MAX_INSN_SIZE;
131 kip->slot_used[i] = 0;
133 if (kip->nused == 0) {
135 * Page is no longer in use. Free it unless
136 * it's the last one. We keep the last one
137 * so as not to have to set it up again the
138 * next time somebody inserts a probe.
140 hlist_del(&kip->hlist);
141 if (hlist_empty(&kprobe_insn_pages)) {
142 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&kip->hlist);
143 hlist_add_head(&kip->hlist,
146 module_free(NULL, kip->insns);
155 /* Locks kprobe: irqs must be disabled */
156 void __kprobes lock_kprobes(void)
158 unsigned long flags = 0;
160 /* Avoiding local interrupts to happen right after we take the kprobe_lock
161 * and before we get a chance to update kprobe_cpu, this to prevent
162 * deadlock when we have a kprobe on ISR routine and a kprobe on task
165 local_irq_save(flags);
167 spin_lock(&kprobe_lock);
168 kprobe_cpu = smp_processor_id();
170 local_irq_restore(flags);
173 void __kprobes unlock_kprobes(void)
175 unsigned long flags = 0;
177 /* Avoiding local interrupts to happen right after we update
178 * kprobe_cpu and before we get a a chance to release kprobe_lock,
179 * this to prevent deadlock when we have a kprobe on ISR routine and
180 * a kprobe on task routine
182 local_irq_save(flags);
184 kprobe_cpu = NR_CPUS;
185 spin_unlock(&kprobe_lock);
187 local_irq_restore(flags);
190 /* You have to be holding the kprobe_lock */
191 struct kprobe __kprobes *get_kprobe(void *addr)
193 struct hlist_head *head;
194 struct hlist_node *node;
196 head = &kprobe_table[hash_ptr(addr, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)];
197 hlist_for_each(node, head) {
198 struct kprobe *p = hlist_entry(node, struct kprobe, hlist);
206 * Aggregate handlers for multiple kprobes support - these handlers
207 * take care of invoking the individual kprobe handlers on p->list
209 static int __kprobes aggr_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
213 list_for_each_entry(kp, &p->list, list) {
214 if (kp->pre_handler) {
216 if (kp->pre_handler(kp, regs))
224 static void __kprobes aggr_post_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
229 list_for_each_entry(kp, &p->list, list) {
230 if (kp->post_handler) {
232 kp->post_handler(kp, regs, flags);
239 static int __kprobes aggr_fault_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
243 * if we faulted "during" the execution of a user specified
244 * probe handler, invoke just that probe's fault handler
246 if (curr_kprobe && curr_kprobe->fault_handler) {
247 if (curr_kprobe->fault_handler(curr_kprobe, regs, trapnr))
253 static int __kprobes aggr_break_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
255 struct kprobe *kp = curr_kprobe;
256 if (curr_kprobe && kp->break_handler) {
257 if (kp->break_handler(kp, regs)) {
266 struct kretprobe_instance __kprobes *get_free_rp_inst(struct kretprobe *rp)
268 struct hlist_node *node;
269 struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
270 hlist_for_each_entry(ri, node, &rp->free_instances, uflist)
275 static struct kretprobe_instance __kprobes *get_used_rp_inst(struct kretprobe
278 struct hlist_node *node;
279 struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
280 hlist_for_each_entry(ri, node, &rp->used_instances, uflist)
285 void __kprobes add_rp_inst(struct kretprobe_instance *ri)
288 * Remove rp inst off the free list -
289 * Add it back when probed function returns
291 hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
293 /* Add rp inst onto table */
294 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&ri->hlist);
295 hlist_add_head(&ri->hlist,
296 &kretprobe_inst_table[hash_ptr(ri->task, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)]);
298 /* Also add this rp inst to the used list. */
299 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&ri->uflist);
300 hlist_add_head(&ri->uflist, &ri->rp->used_instances);
303 void __kprobes recycle_rp_inst(struct kretprobe_instance *ri)
305 /* remove rp inst off the rprobe_inst_table */
306 hlist_del(&ri->hlist);
308 /* remove rp inst off the used list */
309 hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
310 /* put rp inst back onto the free list */
311 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&ri->uflist);
312 hlist_add_head(&ri->uflist, &ri->rp->free_instances);
318 struct hlist_head __kprobes *kretprobe_inst_table_head(struct task_struct *tsk)
320 return &kretprobe_inst_table[hash_ptr(tsk, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)];
324 * This function is called from exit_thread or flush_thread when task tk's
325 * stack is being recycled so that we can recycle any function-return probe
326 * instances associated with this task. These left over instances represent
327 * probed functions that have been called but will never return.
329 void __kprobes kprobe_flush_task(struct task_struct *tk)
331 struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
332 struct hlist_head *head;
333 struct hlist_node *node, *tmp;
334 unsigned long flags = 0;
336 spin_lock_irqsave(&kprobe_lock, flags);
337 head = kretprobe_inst_table_head(current);
338 hlist_for_each_entry_safe(ri, node, tmp, head, hlist) {
342 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
346 * This kprobe pre_handler is registered with every kretprobe. When probe
347 * hits it will set up the return probe.
349 static int __kprobes pre_handler_kretprobe(struct kprobe *p,
350 struct pt_regs *regs)
352 struct kretprobe *rp = container_of(p, struct kretprobe, kp);
354 /*TODO: consider to only swap the RA after the last pre_handler fired */
355 arch_prepare_kretprobe(rp, regs);
359 static inline void free_rp_inst(struct kretprobe *rp)
361 struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
362 while ((ri = get_free_rp_inst(rp)) != NULL) {
363 hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
369 * Keep all fields in the kprobe consistent
371 static inline void copy_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p, struct kprobe *p)
373 memcpy(&p->opcode, &old_p->opcode, sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t));
374 memcpy(&p->ainsn, &old_p->ainsn, sizeof(struct arch_specific_insn));
378 * Add the new probe to old_p->list. Fail if this is the
379 * second jprobe at the address - two jprobes can't coexist
381 static int __kprobes add_new_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p, struct kprobe *p)
385 if (p->break_handler) {
386 list_for_each_entry(kp, &old_p->list, list) {
387 if (kp->break_handler)
390 list_add_tail(&p->list, &old_p->list);
392 list_add(&p->list, &old_p->list);
397 * Fill in the required fields of the "manager kprobe". Replace the
398 * earlier kprobe in the hlist with the manager kprobe
400 static inline void add_aggr_kprobe(struct kprobe *ap, struct kprobe *p)
404 ap->pre_handler = aggr_pre_handler;
405 ap->post_handler = aggr_post_handler;
406 ap->fault_handler = aggr_fault_handler;
407 ap->break_handler = aggr_break_handler;
409 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ap->list);
410 list_add(&p->list, &ap->list);
412 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&ap->hlist);
413 hlist_del(&p->hlist);
414 hlist_add_head(&ap->hlist,
415 &kprobe_table[hash_ptr(ap->addr, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)]);
419 * This is the second or subsequent kprobe at the address - handle
421 * TODO: Move kcalloc outside the spinlock
423 static int __kprobes register_aggr_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p,
429 if (old_p->pre_handler == aggr_pre_handler) {
430 copy_kprobe(old_p, p);
431 ret = add_new_kprobe(old_p, p);
433 ap = kcalloc(1, sizeof(struct kprobe), GFP_ATOMIC);
436 add_aggr_kprobe(ap, old_p);
438 ret = add_new_kprobe(ap, p);
443 /* kprobe removal house-keeping routines */
444 static inline void cleanup_kprobe(struct kprobe *p, unsigned long flags)
446 arch_disarm_kprobe(p);
447 hlist_del(&p->hlist);
448 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
449 arch_remove_kprobe(p);
452 static inline void cleanup_aggr_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p,
453 struct kprobe *p, unsigned long flags)
456 if (list_empty(&old_p->list)) {
457 cleanup_kprobe(old_p, flags);
460 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
463 static int __kprobes in_kprobes_functions(unsigned long addr)
465 if (addr >= (unsigned long)__kprobes_text_start
466 && addr < (unsigned long)__kprobes_text_end)
471 int __kprobes register_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
474 unsigned long flags = 0;
475 struct kprobe *old_p;
477 if ((ret = in_kprobes_functions((unsigned long) p->addr)) != 0)
479 if ((ret = arch_prepare_kprobe(p)) != 0)
482 spin_lock_irqsave(&kprobe_lock, flags);
483 old_p = get_kprobe(p->addr);
486 ret = register_aggr_kprobe(old_p, p);
491 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&p->hlist);
492 hlist_add_head(&p->hlist,
493 &kprobe_table[hash_ptr(p->addr, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)]);
498 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
501 arch_remove_kprobe(p);
505 void __kprobes unregister_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
508 struct kprobe *old_p;
510 spin_lock_irqsave(&kprobe_lock, flags);
511 old_p = get_kprobe(p->addr);
513 if (old_p->pre_handler == aggr_pre_handler)
514 cleanup_aggr_kprobe(old_p, p, flags);
516 cleanup_kprobe(p, flags);
518 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
521 static struct notifier_block kprobe_exceptions_nb = {
522 .notifier_call = kprobe_exceptions_notify,
523 .priority = 0x7fffffff /* we need to notified first */
526 int __kprobes register_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp)
528 /* Todo: Verify probepoint is a function entry point */
529 jp->kp.pre_handler = setjmp_pre_handler;
530 jp->kp.break_handler = longjmp_break_handler;
532 return register_kprobe(&jp->kp);
535 void __kprobes unregister_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp)
537 unregister_kprobe(&jp->kp);
540 #ifdef ARCH_SUPPORTS_KRETPROBES
542 int __kprobes register_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp)
545 struct kretprobe_instance *inst;
548 rp->kp.pre_handler = pre_handler_kretprobe;
550 /* Pre-allocate memory for max kretprobe instances */
551 if (rp->maxactive <= 0) {
552 #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
553 rp->maxactive = max(10, 2 * NR_CPUS);
555 rp->maxactive = NR_CPUS;
558 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&rp->used_instances);
559 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&rp->free_instances);
560 for (i = 0; i < rp->maxactive; i++) {
561 inst = kmalloc(sizeof(struct kretprobe_instance), GFP_KERNEL);
566 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&inst->uflist);
567 hlist_add_head(&inst->uflist, &rp->free_instances);
571 /* Establish function entry probe point */
572 if ((ret = register_kprobe(&rp->kp)) != 0)
577 #else /* ARCH_SUPPORTS_KRETPROBES */
579 int __kprobes register_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp)
584 #endif /* ARCH_SUPPORTS_KRETPROBES */
586 void __kprobes unregister_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp)
589 struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
591 unregister_kprobe(&rp->kp);
593 spin_lock_irqsave(&kprobe_lock, flags);
595 while ((ri = get_used_rp_inst(rp)) != NULL) {
597 hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
599 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
602 static int __init init_kprobes(void)
606 /* FIXME allocate the probe table, currently defined statically */
607 /* initialize all list heads */
608 for (i = 0; i < KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
609 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&kprobe_table[i]);
610 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&kretprobe_inst_table[i]);
613 err = arch_init_kprobes();
615 err = register_die_notifier(&kprobe_exceptions_nb);
620 __initcall(init_kprobes);
622 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_kprobe);
623 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_kprobe);
624 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_jprobe);
625 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_jprobe);
626 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(jprobe_return);
627 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_kretprobe);
628 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_kretprobe);