2 * Generic pidhash and scalable, time-bounded PID allocator
4 * (C) 2002-2003 William Irwin, IBM
5 * (C) 2004 William Irwin, Oracle
6 * (C) 2002-2004 Ingo Molnar, Red Hat
8 * pid-structures are backing objects for tasks sharing a given ID to chain
9 * against. There is very little to them aside from hashing them and
10 * parking tasks using given ID's on a list.
12 * The hash is always changed with the tasklist_lock write-acquired,
13 * and the hash is only accessed with the tasklist_lock at least
14 * read-acquired, so there's no additional SMP locking needed here.
16 * We have a list of bitmap pages, which bitmaps represent the PID space.
17 * Allocating and freeing PIDs is completely lockless. The worst-case
18 * allocation scenario when all but one out of 1 million PIDs possible are
19 * allocated already: the scanning of 32 list entries and at most PAGE_SIZE
20 * bytes. The typical fastpath is a single successful setbit. Freeing is O(1).
23 * (C) 2007 Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>, OpenVZ, SWsoft Inc.
24 * (C) 2007 Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com>, IBM
25 * Many thanks to Oleg Nesterov for comments and help
30 #include <linux/export.h>
31 #include <linux/slab.h>
32 #include <linux/init.h>
33 #include <linux/rculist.h>
34 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
35 #include <linux/hash.h>
36 #include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
37 #include <linux/init_task.h>
38 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
40 #define pid_hashfn(nr, ns) \
41 hash_long((unsigned long)nr + (unsigned long)ns, pidhash_shift)
42 static struct hlist_head *pid_hash;
43 static unsigned int pidhash_shift = 4;
44 struct pid init_struct_pid = INIT_STRUCT_PID;
46 int pid_max = PID_MAX_DEFAULT;
48 #define RESERVED_PIDS 300
50 int pid_max_min = RESERVED_PIDS + 1;
51 int pid_max_max = PID_MAX_LIMIT;
53 #define BITS_PER_PAGE (PAGE_SIZE*8)
54 #define BITS_PER_PAGE_MASK (BITS_PER_PAGE-1)
56 static inline int mk_pid(struct pid_namespace *pid_ns,
57 struct pidmap *map, int off)
59 return (map - pid_ns->pidmap)*BITS_PER_PAGE + off;
62 #define find_next_offset(map, off) \
63 find_next_zero_bit((map)->page, BITS_PER_PAGE, off)
66 * PID-map pages start out as NULL, they get allocated upon
67 * first use and are never deallocated. This way a low pid_max
68 * value does not cause lots of bitmaps to be allocated, but
69 * the scheme scales to up to 4 million PIDs, runtime.
71 struct pid_namespace init_pid_ns = {
73 .refcount = ATOMIC_INIT(2),
76 [ 0 ... PIDMAP_ENTRIES-1] = { ATOMIC_INIT(BITS_PER_PAGE), NULL }
80 .child_reaper = &init_task,
82 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(init_pid_ns);
84 int is_container_init(struct task_struct *tsk)
91 if (pid != NULL && pid->numbers[pid->level].nr == 1)
97 EXPORT_SYMBOL(is_container_init);
100 * Note: disable interrupts while the pidmap_lock is held as an
101 * interrupt might come in and do read_lock(&tasklist_lock).
103 * If we don't disable interrupts there is a nasty deadlock between
104 * detach_pid()->free_pid() and another cpu that does
105 * spin_lock(&pidmap_lock) followed by an interrupt routine that does
106 * read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
108 * After we clean up the tasklist_lock and know there are no
109 * irq handlers that take it we can leave the interrupts enabled.
110 * For now it is easier to be safe than to prove it can't happen.
113 static __cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SPINLOCK(pidmap_lock);
115 static void free_pidmap(struct upid *upid)
118 struct pidmap *map = upid->ns->pidmap + nr / BITS_PER_PAGE;
119 int offset = nr & BITS_PER_PAGE_MASK;
121 clear_bit(offset, map->page);
122 atomic_inc(&map->nr_free);
126 * If we started walking pids at 'base', is 'a' seen before 'b'?
128 static int pid_before(int base, int a, int b)
131 * This is the same as saying
133 * (a - base + MAXUINT) % MAXUINT < (b - base + MAXUINT) % MAXUINT
134 * and that mapping orders 'a' and 'b' with respect to 'base'.
136 return (unsigned)(a - base) < (unsigned)(b - base);
140 * We might be racing with someone else trying to set pid_ns->last_pid.
141 * We want the winner to have the "later" value, because if the
142 * "earlier" value prevails, then a pid may get reused immediately.
144 * Since pids rollover, it is not sufficient to just pick the bigger
145 * value. We have to consider where we started counting from.
147 * 'base' is the value of pid_ns->last_pid that we observed when
148 * we started looking for a pid.
150 * 'pid' is the pid that we eventually found.
152 static void set_last_pid(struct pid_namespace *pid_ns, int base, int pid)
155 int last_write = base;
158 last_write = cmpxchg(&pid_ns->last_pid, prev, pid);
159 } while ((prev != last_write) && (pid_before(base, last_write, pid)));
162 static int alloc_pidmap(struct pid_namespace *pid_ns)
164 int i, offset, max_scan, pid, last = pid_ns->last_pid;
170 offset = pid & BITS_PER_PAGE_MASK;
171 map = &pid_ns->pidmap[pid/BITS_PER_PAGE];
173 * If last_pid points into the middle of the map->page we
174 * want to scan this bitmap block twice, the second time
175 * we start with offset == 0 (or RESERVED_PIDS).
177 max_scan = DIV_ROUND_UP(pid_max, BITS_PER_PAGE) - !offset;
178 for (i = 0; i <= max_scan; ++i) {
179 if (unlikely(!map->page)) {
180 void *page = kzalloc(PAGE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
182 * Free the page if someone raced with us
185 spin_lock_irq(&pidmap_lock);
190 spin_unlock_irq(&pidmap_lock);
192 if (unlikely(!map->page))
195 if (likely(atomic_read(&map->nr_free))) {
197 if (!test_and_set_bit(offset, map->page)) {
198 atomic_dec(&map->nr_free);
199 set_last_pid(pid_ns, last, pid);
202 offset = find_next_offset(map, offset);
203 pid = mk_pid(pid_ns, map, offset);
204 } while (offset < BITS_PER_PAGE && pid < pid_max);
206 if (map < &pid_ns->pidmap[(pid_max-1)/BITS_PER_PAGE]) {
210 map = &pid_ns->pidmap[0];
211 offset = RESERVED_PIDS;
212 if (unlikely(last == offset))
215 pid = mk_pid(pid_ns, map, offset);
220 int next_pidmap(struct pid_namespace *pid_ns, unsigned int last)
223 struct pidmap *map, *end;
225 if (last >= PID_MAX_LIMIT)
228 offset = (last + 1) & BITS_PER_PAGE_MASK;
229 map = &pid_ns->pidmap[(last + 1)/BITS_PER_PAGE];
230 end = &pid_ns->pidmap[PIDMAP_ENTRIES];
231 for (; map < end; map++, offset = 0) {
232 if (unlikely(!map->page))
234 offset = find_next_bit((map)->page, BITS_PER_PAGE, offset);
235 if (offset < BITS_PER_PAGE)
236 return mk_pid(pid_ns, map, offset);
241 void put_pid(struct pid *pid)
243 struct pid_namespace *ns;
248 ns = pid->numbers[pid->level].ns;
249 if ((atomic_read(&pid->count) == 1) ||
250 atomic_dec_and_test(&pid->count)) {
251 kmem_cache_free(ns->pid_cachep, pid);
255 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(put_pid);
257 static void delayed_put_pid(struct rcu_head *rhp)
259 struct pid *pid = container_of(rhp, struct pid, rcu);
263 void free_pid(struct pid *pid)
265 /* We can be called with write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock) held */
269 spin_lock_irqsave(&pidmap_lock, flags);
270 for (i = 0; i <= pid->level; i++)
271 hlist_del_rcu(&pid->numbers[i].pid_chain);
272 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pidmap_lock, flags);
274 for (i = 0; i <= pid->level; i++)
275 free_pidmap(pid->numbers + i);
277 call_rcu(&pid->rcu, delayed_put_pid);
280 struct pid *alloc_pid(struct pid_namespace *ns)
285 struct pid_namespace *tmp;
288 pid = kmem_cache_alloc(ns->pid_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
293 for (i = ns->level; i >= 0; i--) {
294 nr = alloc_pidmap(tmp);
298 pid->numbers[i].nr = nr;
299 pid->numbers[i].ns = tmp;
304 pid->level = ns->level;
305 atomic_set(&pid->count, 1);
306 for (type = 0; type < PIDTYPE_MAX; ++type)
307 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&pid->tasks[type]);
309 upid = pid->numbers + ns->level;
310 spin_lock_irq(&pidmap_lock);
311 for ( ; upid >= pid->numbers; --upid)
312 hlist_add_head_rcu(&upid->pid_chain,
313 &pid_hash[pid_hashfn(upid->nr, upid->ns)]);
314 spin_unlock_irq(&pidmap_lock);
320 while (++i <= ns->level)
321 free_pidmap(pid->numbers + i);
323 kmem_cache_free(ns->pid_cachep, pid);
328 struct pid *find_pid_ns(int nr, struct pid_namespace *ns)
330 struct hlist_node *elem;
333 hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(pnr, elem,
334 &pid_hash[pid_hashfn(nr, ns)], pid_chain)
335 if (pnr->nr == nr && pnr->ns == ns)
336 return container_of(pnr, struct pid,
341 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(find_pid_ns);
343 struct pid *find_vpid(int nr)
345 return find_pid_ns(nr, current->nsproxy->pid_ns);
347 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(find_vpid);
350 * attach_pid() must be called with the tasklist_lock write-held.
352 void attach_pid(struct task_struct *task, enum pid_type type,
355 struct pid_link *link;
357 link = &task->pids[type];
359 hlist_add_head_rcu(&link->node, &pid->tasks[type]);
362 static void __change_pid(struct task_struct *task, enum pid_type type,
365 struct pid_link *link;
369 link = &task->pids[type];
372 hlist_del_rcu(&link->node);
375 for (tmp = PIDTYPE_MAX; --tmp >= 0; )
376 if (!hlist_empty(&pid->tasks[tmp]))
382 void detach_pid(struct task_struct *task, enum pid_type type)
384 __change_pid(task, type, NULL);
387 void change_pid(struct task_struct *task, enum pid_type type,
390 __change_pid(task, type, pid);
391 attach_pid(task, type, pid);
394 /* transfer_pid is an optimization of attach_pid(new), detach_pid(old) */
395 void transfer_pid(struct task_struct *old, struct task_struct *new,
398 new->pids[type].pid = old->pids[type].pid;
399 hlist_replace_rcu(&old->pids[type].node, &new->pids[type].node);
402 struct task_struct *pid_task(struct pid *pid, enum pid_type type)
404 struct task_struct *result = NULL;
406 struct hlist_node *first;
407 first = rcu_dereference_check(hlist_first_rcu(&pid->tasks[type]),
408 lockdep_tasklist_lock_is_held());
410 result = hlist_entry(first, struct task_struct, pids[(type)].node);
414 EXPORT_SYMBOL(pid_task);
417 * Must be called under rcu_read_lock().
419 struct task_struct *find_task_by_pid_ns(pid_t nr, struct pid_namespace *ns)
421 rcu_lockdep_assert(rcu_read_lock_held(),
422 "find_task_by_pid_ns() needs rcu_read_lock()"
424 return pid_task(find_pid_ns(nr, ns), PIDTYPE_PID);
427 struct task_struct *find_task_by_vpid(pid_t vnr)
429 return find_task_by_pid_ns(vnr, current->nsproxy->pid_ns);
432 struct pid *get_task_pid(struct task_struct *task, enum pid_type type)
436 if (type != PIDTYPE_PID)
437 task = task->group_leader;
438 pid = get_pid(task->pids[type].pid);
442 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_task_pid);
444 struct task_struct *get_pid_task(struct pid *pid, enum pid_type type)
446 struct task_struct *result;
448 result = pid_task(pid, type);
450 get_task_struct(result);
454 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_pid_task);
456 struct pid *find_get_pid(pid_t nr)
461 pid = get_pid(find_vpid(nr));
466 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(find_get_pid);
468 pid_t pid_nr_ns(struct pid *pid, struct pid_namespace *ns)
473 if (pid && ns->level <= pid->level) {
474 upid = &pid->numbers[ns->level];
481 pid_t pid_vnr(struct pid *pid)
483 return pid_nr_ns(pid, current->nsproxy->pid_ns);
485 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pid_vnr);
487 pid_t __task_pid_nr_ns(struct task_struct *task, enum pid_type type,
488 struct pid_namespace *ns)
494 ns = current->nsproxy->pid_ns;
495 if (likely(pid_alive(task))) {
496 if (type != PIDTYPE_PID)
497 task = task->group_leader;
498 nr = pid_nr_ns(task->pids[type].pid, ns);
504 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__task_pid_nr_ns);
506 pid_t task_tgid_nr_ns(struct task_struct *tsk, struct pid_namespace *ns)
508 return pid_nr_ns(task_tgid(tsk), ns);
510 EXPORT_SYMBOL(task_tgid_nr_ns);
512 struct pid_namespace *task_active_pid_ns(struct task_struct *tsk)
514 return ns_of_pid(task_pid(tsk));
516 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(task_active_pid_ns);
519 * Used by proc to find the first pid that is greater than or equal to nr.
521 * If there is a pid at nr this function is exactly the same as find_pid_ns.
523 struct pid *find_ge_pid(int nr, struct pid_namespace *ns)
528 pid = find_pid_ns(nr, ns);
531 nr = next_pidmap(ns, nr);
538 * The pid hash table is scaled according to the amount of memory in the
539 * machine. From a minimum of 16 slots up to 4096 slots at one gigabyte or
542 void __init pidhash_init(void)
546 pid_hash = alloc_large_system_hash("PID", sizeof(*pid_hash), 0, 18,
547 HASH_EARLY | HASH_SMALL,
548 &pidhash_shift, NULL, 4096);
549 pidhash_size = 1 << pidhash_shift;
551 for (i = 0; i < pidhash_size; i++)
552 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&pid_hash[i]);
555 void __init pidmap_init(void)
557 /* bump default and minimum pid_max based on number of cpus */
558 pid_max = min(pid_max_max, max_t(int, pid_max,
559 PIDS_PER_CPU_DEFAULT * num_possible_cpus()));
560 pid_max_min = max_t(int, pid_max_min,
561 PIDS_PER_CPU_MIN * num_possible_cpus());
562 pr_info("pid_max: default: %u minimum: %u\n", pid_max, pid_max_min);
564 init_pid_ns.pidmap[0].page = kzalloc(PAGE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
565 /* Reserve PID 0. We never call free_pidmap(0) */
566 set_bit(0, init_pid_ns.pidmap[0].page);
567 atomic_dec(&init_pid_ns.pidmap[0].nr_free);
569 init_pid_ns.pid_cachep = KMEM_CACHE(pid,
570 SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN | SLAB_PANIC);