4 * Copyright (C) 1998,2000 Rik van Riel
5 * Thanks go out to Claus Fischer for some serious inspiration and
6 * for goading me into coding this file...
8 * The routines in this file are used to kill a process when
9 * we're seriously out of memory. This gets called from __alloc_pages()
10 * in mm/page_alloc.c when we really run out of memory.
12 * Since we won't call these routines often (on a well-configured
13 * machine) this file will double as a 'coding guide' and a signpost
14 * for newbie kernel hackers. It features several pointers to major
15 * kernel subsystems and hints as to where to find out what things do.
18 #include <linux/oom.h>
20 #include <linux/err.h>
21 #include <linux/sched.h>
22 #include <linux/swap.h>
23 #include <linux/timex.h>
24 #include <linux/jiffies.h>
25 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
26 #include <linux/module.h>
27 #include <linux/notifier.h>
29 int sysctl_panic_on_oom;
30 int sysctl_oom_kill_allocating_task;
31 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(zone_scan_mutex);
35 * badness - calculate a numeric value for how bad this task has been
36 * @p: task struct of which task we should calculate
37 * @uptime: current uptime in seconds
39 * The formula used is relatively simple and documented inline in the
40 * function. The main rationale is that we want to select a good task
41 * to kill when we run out of memory.
43 * Good in this context means that:
44 * 1) we lose the minimum amount of work done
45 * 2) we recover a large amount of memory
46 * 3) we don't kill anything innocent of eating tons of memory
47 * 4) we want to kill the minimum amount of processes (one)
48 * 5) we try to kill the process the user expects us to kill, this
49 * algorithm has been meticulously tuned to meet the principle
50 * of least surprise ... (be careful when you change it)
53 unsigned long badness(struct task_struct *p, unsigned long uptime)
55 unsigned long points, cpu_time, run_time, s;
57 struct task_struct *child;
67 * The memory size of the process is the basis for the badness.
69 points = mm->total_vm;
72 * After this unlock we can no longer dereference local variable `mm'
77 * swapoff can easily use up all memory, so kill those first.
79 if (p->flags & PF_SWAPOFF)
83 * Processes which fork a lot of child processes are likely
84 * a good choice. We add half the vmsize of the children if they
85 * have an own mm. This prevents forking servers to flood the
86 * machine with an endless amount of children. In case a single
87 * child is eating the vast majority of memory, adding only half
88 * to the parents will make the child our kill candidate of choice.
90 list_for_each_entry(child, &p->children, sibling) {
92 if (child->mm != mm && child->mm)
93 points += child->mm->total_vm/2 + 1;
98 * CPU time is in tens of seconds and run time is in thousands
99 * of seconds. There is no particular reason for this other than
100 * that it turned out to work very well in practice.
102 cpu_time = (cputime_to_jiffies(p->utime) + cputime_to_jiffies(p->stime))
105 if (uptime >= p->start_time.tv_sec)
106 run_time = (uptime - p->start_time.tv_sec) >> 10;
110 s = int_sqrt(cpu_time);
113 s = int_sqrt(int_sqrt(run_time));
118 * Niced processes are most likely less important, so double
119 * their badness points.
121 if (task_nice(p) > 0)
125 * Superuser processes are usually more important, so we make it
126 * less likely that we kill those.
128 if (cap_t(p->cap_effective) & CAP_TO_MASK(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) ||
129 p->uid == 0 || p->euid == 0)
133 * We don't want to kill a process with direct hardware access.
134 * Not only could that mess up the hardware, but usually users
135 * tend to only have this flag set on applications they think
138 if (cap_t(p->cap_effective) & CAP_TO_MASK(CAP_SYS_RAWIO))
142 * If p's nodes don't overlap ours, it may still help to kill p
143 * because p may have allocated or otherwise mapped memory on
144 * this node before. However it will be less likely.
146 if (!cpuset_mems_allowed_intersects(current, p))
150 * Adjust the score by oomkilladj.
153 if (p->oomkilladj > 0) {
156 points <<= p->oomkilladj;
158 points >>= -(p->oomkilladj);
162 printk(KERN_DEBUG "OOMkill: task %d (%s) got %lu points\n",
163 p->pid, p->comm, points);
169 * Determine the type of allocation constraint.
171 static inline enum oom_constraint constrained_alloc(struct zonelist *zonelist,
176 nodemask_t nodes = node_states[N_HIGH_MEMORY];
178 for (z = zonelist->zones; *z; z++)
179 if (cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall(*z, gfp_mask))
180 node_clear(zone_to_nid(*z), nodes);
182 return CONSTRAINT_CPUSET;
184 if (!nodes_empty(nodes))
185 return CONSTRAINT_MEMORY_POLICY;
188 return CONSTRAINT_NONE;
192 * Simple selection loop. We chose the process with the highest
193 * number of 'points'. We expect the caller will lock the tasklist.
195 * (not docbooked, we don't want this one cluttering up the manual)
197 static struct task_struct *select_bad_process(unsigned long *ppoints)
199 struct task_struct *g, *p;
200 struct task_struct *chosen = NULL;
201 struct timespec uptime;
204 do_posix_clock_monotonic_gettime(&uptime);
205 do_each_thread(g, p) {
206 unsigned long points;
209 * skip kernel threads and tasks which have already released
214 /* skip the init task */
215 if (is_global_init(p))
219 * This task already has access to memory reserves and is
220 * being killed. Don't allow any other task access to the
223 * Note: this may have a chance of deadlock if it gets
224 * blocked waiting for another task which itself is waiting
225 * for memory. Is there a better alternative?
227 if (test_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_MEMDIE))
228 return ERR_PTR(-1UL);
231 * This is in the process of releasing memory so wait for it
232 * to finish before killing some other task by mistake.
234 * However, if p is the current task, we allow the 'kill' to
235 * go ahead if it is exiting: this will simply set TIF_MEMDIE,
236 * which will allow it to gain access to memory reserves in
237 * the process of exiting and releasing its resources.
238 * Otherwise we could get an easy OOM deadlock.
240 if (p->flags & PF_EXITING) {
242 return ERR_PTR(-1UL);
245 *ppoints = ULONG_MAX;
248 if (p->oomkilladj == OOM_DISABLE)
251 points = badness(p, uptime.tv_sec);
252 if (points > *ppoints || !chosen) {
256 } while_each_thread(g, p);
262 * Send SIGKILL to the selected process irrespective of CAP_SYS_RAW_IO
263 * flag though it's unlikely that we select a process with CAP_SYS_RAW_IO
266 static void __oom_kill_task(struct task_struct *p, int verbose)
268 if (is_global_init(p)) {
270 printk(KERN_WARNING "tried to kill init!\n");
276 printk(KERN_WARNING "tried to kill an mm-less task!\n");
281 printk(KERN_ERR "Killed process %d (%s)\n",
282 task_pid_nr(p), p->comm);
285 * We give our sacrificial lamb high priority and access to
286 * all the memory it needs. That way it should be able to
287 * exit() and clear out its resources quickly...
290 set_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_MEMDIE);
292 force_sig(SIGKILL, p);
295 static int oom_kill_task(struct task_struct *p)
297 struct mm_struct *mm;
298 struct task_struct *g, *q;
302 /* WARNING: mm may not be dereferenced since we did not obtain its
303 * value from get_task_mm(p). This is OK since all we need to do is
304 * compare mm to q->mm below.
306 * Furthermore, even if mm contains a non-NULL value, p->mm may
307 * change to NULL at any time since we do not hold task_lock(p).
308 * However, this is of no concern to us.
315 * Don't kill the process if any threads are set to OOM_DISABLE
317 do_each_thread(g, q) {
318 if (q->mm == mm && q->oomkilladj == OOM_DISABLE)
320 } while_each_thread(g, q);
322 __oom_kill_task(p, 1);
325 * kill all processes that share the ->mm (i.e. all threads),
326 * but are in a different thread group. Don't let them have access
327 * to memory reserves though, otherwise we might deplete all memory.
329 do_each_thread(g, q) {
330 if (q->mm == mm && !same_thread_group(q, p))
331 force_sig(SIGKILL, q);
332 } while_each_thread(g, q);
337 static int oom_kill_process(struct task_struct *p, gfp_t gfp_mask, int order,
338 unsigned long points, const char *message)
340 struct task_struct *c;
342 if (printk_ratelimit()) {
343 printk(KERN_WARNING "%s invoked oom-killer: "
344 "gfp_mask=0x%x, order=%d, oomkilladj=%d\n",
345 current->comm, gfp_mask, order, current->oomkilladj);
351 * If the task is already exiting, don't alarm the sysadmin or kill
352 * its children or threads, just set TIF_MEMDIE so it can die quickly
354 if (p->flags & PF_EXITING) {
355 __oom_kill_task(p, 0);
359 printk(KERN_ERR "%s: kill process %d (%s) score %li or a child\n",
360 message, task_pid_nr(p), p->comm, points);
362 /* Try to kill a child first */
363 list_for_each_entry(c, &p->children, sibling) {
366 if (!oom_kill_task(c))
369 return oom_kill_task(p);
372 static BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(oom_notify_list);
374 int register_oom_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
376 return blocking_notifier_chain_register(&oom_notify_list, nb);
378 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_oom_notifier);
380 int unregister_oom_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
382 return blocking_notifier_chain_unregister(&oom_notify_list, nb);
384 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_oom_notifier);
387 * Try to acquire the OOM killer lock for the zones in zonelist. Returns zero
388 * if a parallel OOM killing is already taking place that includes a zone in
389 * the zonelist. Otherwise, locks all zones in the zonelist and returns 1.
391 int try_set_zone_oom(struct zonelist *zonelist)
398 spin_lock(&zone_scan_mutex);
400 if (zone_is_oom_locked(*z)) {
404 } while (*(++z) != NULL);
407 * Lock each zone in the zonelist under zone_scan_mutex so a parallel
408 * invocation of try_set_zone_oom() doesn't succeed when it shouldn't.
412 zone_set_flag(*z, ZONE_OOM_LOCKED);
413 } while (*(++z) != NULL);
415 spin_unlock(&zone_scan_mutex);
420 * Clears the ZONE_OOM_LOCKED flag for all zones in the zonelist so that failed
421 * allocation attempts with zonelists containing them may now recall the OOM
422 * killer, if necessary.
424 void clear_zonelist_oom(struct zonelist *zonelist)
430 spin_lock(&zone_scan_mutex);
432 zone_clear_flag(*z, ZONE_OOM_LOCKED);
433 } while (*(++z) != NULL);
434 spin_unlock(&zone_scan_mutex);
438 * out_of_memory - kill the "best" process when we run out of memory
440 * If we run out of memory, we have the choice between either
441 * killing a random task (bad), letting the system crash (worse)
442 * OR try to be smart about which process to kill. Note that we
443 * don't have to be perfect here, we just have to be good.
445 void out_of_memory(struct zonelist *zonelist, gfp_t gfp_mask, int order)
447 struct task_struct *p;
448 unsigned long points = 0;
449 unsigned long freed = 0;
450 enum oom_constraint constraint;
452 blocking_notifier_call_chain(&oom_notify_list, 0, &freed);
454 /* Got some memory back in the last second. */
457 if (sysctl_panic_on_oom == 2)
458 panic("out of memory. Compulsory panic_on_oom is selected.\n");
461 * Check if there were limitations on the allocation (only relevant for
462 * NUMA) that may require different handling.
464 constraint = constrained_alloc(zonelist, gfp_mask);
465 read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
467 switch (constraint) {
468 case CONSTRAINT_MEMORY_POLICY:
469 oom_kill_process(current, gfp_mask, order, points,
470 "No available memory (MPOL_BIND)");
473 case CONSTRAINT_NONE:
474 if (sysctl_panic_on_oom)
475 panic("out of memory. panic_on_oom is selected\n");
477 case CONSTRAINT_CPUSET:
478 if (sysctl_oom_kill_allocating_task) {
479 oom_kill_process(current, gfp_mask, order, points,
480 "Out of memory (oom_kill_allocating_task)");
485 * Rambo mode: Shoot down a process and hope it solves whatever
486 * issues we may have.
488 p = select_bad_process(&points);
490 if (PTR_ERR(p) == -1UL)
493 /* Found nothing?!?! Either we hang forever, or we panic. */
495 read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
496 panic("Out of memory and no killable processes...\n");
499 if (oom_kill_process(p, gfp_mask, order, points,
507 read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
510 * Give "p" a good chance of killing itself before we
511 * retry to allocate memory unless "p" is current
513 if (!test_thread_flag(TIF_MEMDIE))
514 schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);