rbtree: handle 1-child recoloring in rb_erase() instead of rb_erase_color()

An interesting observation for rb_erase() is that when a node has
exactly one child, the node must be black and the child must be red.
An interesting consequence is that removing such a node can be done by
simply replacing it with its child and making the child black,
which we can do efficiently in rb_erase(). __rb_erase_color() then
only needs to handle the no-childs case and can be modified accordingly.

Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

diff --git a/lib/rbtree.c b/lib/rbtree.c
index bde1b5c5fb33d4f45266c844b62412a90d86baec..80b092538fa94bc1e3d93a803e05497c6f299ebf 100644 (file)
--- a/lib/rbtree.c
+++ b/lib/rbtree.c
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
   Red Black Trees
   (C) 1999  Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
   (C) 2002  David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
-  
+  (C) 2012  Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
+
   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
@@ -50,6 +51,11 @@
 #define rb_is_red(r)   (!rb_color(r))
 #define rb_is_black(r) rb_color(r)
 
+static inline void rb_set_black(struct rb_node *rb)
+{
+       rb->__rb_parent_color |= RB_BLACK;
+}
+
 static inline void rb_set_parent(struct rb_node *rb, struct rb_node *p)
 {
        rb->__rb_parent_color = rb_color(rb) | (unsigned long)p;
@@ -214,27 +220,18 @@ void rb_insert_color(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_root *root)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(rb_insert_color);
 
-static void __rb_erase_color(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_node *parent,
-                            struct rb_root *root)
+static void __rb_erase_color(struct rb_node *parent, struct rb_root *root)
 {
-       struct rb_node *sibling, *tmp1, *tmp2;
+       struct rb_node *node = NULL, *sibling, *tmp1, *tmp2;
 
        while (true) {
                /*
-                * Loop invariant: all leaf paths going through node have a
-                * black node count that is 1 lower than other leaf paths.
-                *
-                * If node is red, we can flip it to black to adjust.
-                * If node is the root, all leaf paths go through it.
-                * Otherwise, we need to adjust the tree through color flips
-                * and tree rotations as per one of the 4 cases below.
+                * Loop invariants:
+                * - node is black (or NULL on first iteration)
+                * - node is not the root (parent is not NULL)
+                * - All leaf paths going through parent and node have a
+                *   black node count that is 1 lower than other leaf paths.
                 */
-               if (node && rb_is_red(node)) {
-                       rb_set_parent_color(node, parent, RB_BLACK);
-                       break;
-               } else if (!parent) {
-                       break;
-               }
                sibling = parent->rb_right;
                if (node != sibling) {  /* node == parent->rb_left */
                        if (rb_is_red(sibling)) {
@@ -268,17 +265,22 @@ static void __rb_erase_color(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_node *parent,
                                         *      / \           / \
                                         *     Sl  Sr        Sl  Sr
                                         *
-                                        * This leaves us violating 5), so
-                                        * recurse at p. If p is red, the
-                                        * recursion will just flip it to black
-                                        * and exit. If coming from Case 1,
-                                        * p is known to be red.
+                                        * This leaves us violating 5) which
+                                        * can be fixed by flipping p to black
+                                        * if it was red, or by recursing at p.
+                                        * p is red when coming from Case 1.
                                         */
                                        rb_set_parent_color(sibling, parent,
                                                            RB_RED);
-                                       node = parent;
-                                       parent = rb_parent(node);
-                                       continue;
+                                       if (rb_is_red(parent))
+                                               rb_set_black(parent);
+                                       else {
+                                               node = parent;
+                                               parent = rb_parent(node);
+                                               if (parent)
+                                                       continue;
+                                       }
+                                       break;
                                }
                                /*
                                 * Case 3 - right rotate at sibling
@@ -339,9 +341,15 @@ static void __rb_erase_color(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_node *parent,
                                        /* Case 2 - sibling color flip */
                                        rb_set_parent_color(sibling, parent,
                                                            RB_RED);
-                                       node = parent;
-                                       parent = rb_parent(node);
-                                       continue;
+                                       if (rb_is_red(parent))
+                                               rb_set_black(parent);
+                                       else {
+                                               node = parent;
+                                               parent = rb_parent(node);
+                                               if (parent)
+                                                       continue;
+                                       }
+                                       break;
                                }
                                /* Case 3 - right rotate at sibling */
                                sibling->rb_right = tmp1 = tmp2->rb_left;
@@ -369,23 +377,31 @@ static void __rb_erase_color(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_node *parent,
 void rb_erase(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_root *root)
 {
        struct rb_node *child = node->rb_right, *tmp = node->rb_left;
-       struct rb_node *parent;
-       int color;
+       struct rb_node *parent, *rebalance;
 
        if (!tmp) {
-       case1:
-               /* Case 1: node to erase has no more than 1 child (easy!) */
+               /*
+                * Case 1: node to erase has no more than 1 child (easy!)
+                *
+                * Note that if there is one child it must be red due to 5)
+                * and node must be black due to 4). We adjust colors locally
+                * so as to bypass __rb_erase_color() later on.
+                */
 
                parent = rb_parent(node);
-               color = rb_color(node);
-
-               if (child)
-                       rb_set_parent(child, parent);
                __rb_change_child(node, child, parent, root);
+               if (child) {
+                       rb_set_parent_color(child, parent, RB_BLACK);
+                       rebalance = NULL;
+               } else {
+                       rebalance = rb_is_black(node) ? parent : NULL;
+               }
        } else if (!child) {
                /* Still case 1, but this time the child is node->rb_left */
-               child = tmp;
-               goto case1;
+               parent = rb_parent(node);
+               __rb_change_child(node, tmp, parent, root);
+               rb_set_parent_color(tmp, parent, RB_BLACK);
+               rebalance = NULL;
        } else {
                struct rb_node *old = node, *left;
 
@@ -397,26 +413,29 @@ void rb_erase(struct rb_node *node, struct rb_root *root)
 
                child = node->rb_right;
                parent = rb_parent(node);
-               color = rb_color(node);
 
                if (parent == old) {
                        parent = node;
                } else {
-                       if (child)
-                               rb_set_parent(child, parent);
                        parent->rb_left = child;
 
                        node->rb_right = old->rb_right;
                        rb_set_parent(old->rb_right, node);
                }
 
+               if (child) {
+                       rb_set_parent_color(child, parent, RB_BLACK);
+                       rebalance = NULL;
+               } else {
+                       rebalance = rb_is_black(node) ? parent : NULL;
+               }
                node->__rb_parent_color = old->__rb_parent_color;
                node->rb_left = old->rb_left;
                rb_set_parent(old->rb_left, node);
        }
 
-       if (color == RB_BLACK)
-               __rb_erase_color(child, parent, root);
+       if (rebalance)
+               __rb_erase_color(rebalance, root);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(rb_erase);