Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:41 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: trf7970a_init() turns off the RF transmitter
When trf7970a_init() initializes the trf7970a it
implicitly turns off the RF transmitter. Track
this by clearing the TRF7970A_CHIP_STATUS_RF_ON
bit in the cached trf->chip_status_ctrl.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:39 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Add '_in_' to initiator routines
Rename trf7970a_config_rf_tech() and trf7970a_config_framing()
to trf7970a_in_config_rf_tech() and trf7970a_in_config_framing(),
respectively to avoid confusion when target support is added.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:36 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Create startup and shutdown routines
Encapsulate the code to start up and gracefully
shutdown the driver and trf7970a device. Doing
this makes adding system suspend/resume support
easier and the resulting code cleaner.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:35 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Don't assume CONFIG_PM_RUNTIME is enabled
The current code assumes that CONFIG_PM_RUNTIME
is always defined so it won't power up the trf7970a
when it isn't enabled. Fix this by moving the power
up/down code from the pm_runtime_resume/suspend
routines into their own routines and calling the
power up function from the probe routine. This
ensures the device is powered up even when
CONFIG_PM_RUNTIME is not defined.
In order to not power on/off a device that is
already powered on/off, create a new state to
indicate that the power is off (TRF7970A_ST_PWR_OFF).
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:33 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Return error code when turning on RF fails
trf7970a_switch_rf_on() is currently a void function
but turning on the RF could fail so it should return
a return code. That return code should also be
propagated back to the entity that initiated the
action.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:32 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Ensure no more RX data before completing receive
Depending on the interrupt status value given by the
trf7970a, the driver may not know when a receive operation
is complete. To handle this, the driver waits for a period
of time in case the trf7970a interrupts it again indicating
there are more RX data in the FIFO. It is possible that the
timeout will occur when there are RX data in the FIFO but
before the trf7970a has generated an interrupt to tell the
driver about it. Handle this by calling trf7970a_drain_fifo()
(instead of trf7970a_send_upstream() which just passes up the
data gathered to far) to check if there are more data in the
FIFO. If so, gather that data into the receive buffer. If
not, pass the data collected so far upstream as before.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:31 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Reread FIFO Status Register when draining FIFO
Receiving an interrupt whose Interrupt Status Register
value has only the SRX bit set is supposed to mean that
all of the data from the tag has been received. That
turns out to not be true so we need to reread the FIFO
Status Register to tell if there are any new bytes in
the FIFO. If there are, continue receiving them; if
there aren't, assume that the receive is complete and
pass the data up.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:30 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Handle low-watermark IRQ when transmitting
Commit 4dd836e46c3d ("NFC: trf7970a: Reset FIFO when
'End of TX' Interrupt Occurs") fixes the issue that
it was meant to fix but adds the unfortunate side
effect of causing the driver to report an error
when the TX low-watermark level is passed during
transmits. This can be fixed by checking whether
the IRQ status indicates that the low-watermark
has been passed when transmitting. If it has been
passed and the FIFO is empty, then its safe to reset
the FIFO. Otherwise, silently continue since another
TX interrupt will be generated and the FIFO will be
reset then.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:29 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Only fill FIFO if there is space
Handle the case where trf7970a_fill_fifo() is
called but there is no room in the FIFO for
more TX data. When this happens, wait for
another interrupt indicating that there is
now space (and set a timer in case that
interrupt never occurs).
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:28 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Prefix TX data when refilling FIFO
When refilling the FIFO with more TX data (using a new
SPI transaction), the driver must prefix the TX data with
a write to the FIFO I/O Register. This tells the trf7970a
that the following data is destined for the FIFO so it can
be transmitted.
To accomplish this, the driver cannot simply push the
prefix data just before the next set of TX data that
is to be transmitted because that will overwrite part
of the TX data provided by the digital layer. Instead,
separate the prefix data and the TX data when calling
trf7970a_transmit(). trf7970a_transmit() can then send
the prefix and TX data from different memory locations
with one spi_sync() operation. This also means that
the driver doesn't require any skb "tx_headroom" as
provided by the digital layer (see
nfc_digital_allocate_device() and digital_skb_alloc()).
Also ensure that the prefix is of type 'u8' and not
'char'.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:26 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Clear possible spurious interrupt before transmitting
The trf7970a occasionally generates spurious interrupts
which can confuse the driver. To help alleviate this,
clear any interrupts by reading the 'IRQ Status Register'
before starting a new transaction.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:25 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Recalculate driver timeout values
Some of the timeout values used in the driver
are not long enough to handle worst-case scenarios
so they need to be recalculated.
The time to wait for the FIFO to drain past the
low-watermark is now 20 ms because it can take
around 14.35 ms to send 95 bytes (127 bytes in
full FIFO minus 32 bytes where the low-watermark
interrupt will fire). 95 bytes will take around
14.35 ms at 6.62 kbps (the lowest supported bit
rate used by ISO/IEC 15693) so 20 ms should be a
safe value.
The time to wait before issuing an EOF to complete
an ISO/IEC 15693 write or lock command is 40 ms--
20 ms to drain the FIFO and another 20 ms to ensure
the wait is long enough before sending an EOF.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:24 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Add RF technology specific guard times
When turning on the RF field, the driver must wait
an RF-technology-specific amount of time (known as
the guard time) before modulating the field.
Currently, the driver waits 5 ms but that is too
short for NFCF and too long for ISO/IEC 15693.
Fix this by determining the guard time when the
RF technology is set and delaying that amount
of time when turning on the RF field.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:23 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Initialize when enabling RF
Currently, the trf7970a is reset & initialized only
when the pm_runtime resume hook is called. Instead,
initialize it every time the RF is enabled to ensure
that the trf7970a is quiesced and in a known state
before being set up for another RF technology.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Tue, 2 Sep 2014 22:12:22 +0000 (15:12 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Disable SYS_CLK Output
Currently, support for providing the external
SYS_CLK signal on pin 27 is not supported so
turn it off by writing to the 'Modulator and
SYS_CLK Control' register immediately after
reset.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Vincent Cuissard [Tue, 22 Jul 2014 17:48:39 +0000 (19:48 +0200)]
NFC: NCI: Fix nci_register_device init sequence
All contexts have to be initiliazed before calling
nfc_register_device otherwise it is possible to call
nci_dev_up before ending the nci_register_device
function. In such case kernel will crash on non
initialized variables.
Signed-off-by: Vincent Cuissard <cuissard@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Fri, 8 Aug 2014 00:41:46 +0000 (17:41 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Document the 'en2-rf-quirk' DT property
Current versions of the trf7970a have an erratum where
the EN2 pin must be kept low. If it isn't kept low,
it will generate an RF field even when in passive
target mode. To work around this issue, create the
'en2-rf-quirk' device tree property to indicate that
the trf7970a that the driver is using has this erratum.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Fri, 8 Aug 2014 00:41:45 +0000 (17:41 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Add quirk to keep EN2 low
A bug has been discovered in the trf7970a where it
will generate an RF field even in passive target
mode when EN2 is asserted. To work around this,
add support for the 'en2-rf-quirk' device tree
property which indicates that EN2 must remain low.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Fri, 8 Aug 2014 00:41:44 +0000 (17:41 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Document the 'irq-status-read-quirk' DT property
The mechanism for specifying that the trf7970a
being used by the driver has the "IRQ Status Read"
erratum has been changed to a device tree property
('irq-status-read-quirk').
Document the new device tree property.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Fri, 8 Aug 2014 00:41:43 +0000 (17:41 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Move IRQ Status Read quirk to device tree
The quirk indicating whether the trf7970a has
the "IRQ Status Read" erratum or not is currently
implemented using the 'driver_data' member of the
'spi_device_id' structure. That requires the
driver to be modified to turn the quirk off when
a version of the trf7970a that doesn't have the
erratum is being used. To fix that, create a
new device tree property called
'irq-status-read-quirk' that indicates that the
trf7970a being used has the erratum.
While at it, rename 'TRF7970A_QUIRK_IRQ_STATUS_READ_ERRATA'
to 'TRF7970A_QUIRK_IRQ_STATUS_READ' to make it
less of an eyesore.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Fri, 8 Aug 2014 00:41:42 +0000 (17:41 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Document the 'vin-voltage-override' DTS property
The trf7970a driver recently had support for the
'vin-voltage-override' property added to it. This
property is used to override the value given by
the regulator subsystem for the VIN pin's voltage.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Fri, 8 Aug 2014 00:41:41 +0000 (17:41 -0700)]
NFC: trf7970a: Add VIN voltage override support
The trf7970a driver uses the voltage from the
power/regulator subsystem to determine what the
voltage on the VIN pin is. Normally, this is
the right thing to do but sometimes the board
that the trf7970a is on may change the voltage.
This is the case for the trf7970atb board from
Texas Instruments where it boosts the VIN voltage
from 3.3V to 5V (see http://www.ti.com/tool/trf7970atb).
To handle this, add support for the 'vin-voltage-override'
device tree property which overrides the voltage value
given by the regulator subsystem. When the DT property
is not present, the value from the regulator subsystem
is used.
The value of 'vin-voltage-override' is in uVolts.
Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
Mark A. Greer [Wed, 23 Jul 2014 03:18:01 +0000 (20:18 -0700)]
NFC: digital: Add Inititor-side PSL support
In order to operate at the fasted bit rate
possible, add initiator-side support for
PSL REQ while in P2P mode. The PSL REQ
will switch the RF technology to 424F
whenever possible.
Reviewed-by: Thierry Escande <thierry.escande@linux.intel.com> Tested-by: Thierry Escande <thierry.escande@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Mark A. Greer <mgreer@animalcreek.com> Signed-off-by: Samuel Ortiz <sameo@linux.intel.com>
carl9170: tx: Replace rcu_assign_pointer() with RCU_INIT_POINTER()
According to RCU_INIT_POINTER()'s block comment 3.a, it can be used if
"3. The referenced data structure has already been exposed to readers either
at compile time or via rcu_assign_pointer() -and-
a. You have not made -any- reader-visible changes to this structure since
then".
This case fulfills the conditions above because between the rcu_dereference()
call (cvif = rcu_dereference(ar->beacon_iter);) and the rcu_assign_pointer()
call there is no update of the "cvif" variable.
Therefore, this patch makes the replacement.
The following Coccinelle semantic patch was used:
@@
identifier v;
@@
v = rcu_dereference(...);
... when != rcu_dereference(...);
when != v = ...;
when != (<+...v...+>)++;
when != \(memcpy\|memset\)(...);
(
- rcu_assign_pointer
+ RCU_INIT_POINTER
(..., v);
|
if(...) {
... when != v = ...;
- rcu_assign_pointer
+ RCU_INIT_POINTER
(..., v);
... when any
}
)
Because there are cases where between a “rcu_dereference()” call and a
“rcu_assign_pointer()” call might be updates of the value that interests us,
the Coccinelle semantic patch ignores them and replaces with
"RCU_INIT_POINTER()" only when the update is not happening.
Signed-off-by: Andreea-Cristina Bernat <bernat.ada@gmail.com> Acked-by: Christian Lamparter <chunkeey@googlemail.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sujith Manoharan [Sun, 24 Aug 2014 15:46:13 +0000 (21:16 +0530)]
ath9k: Fix channel context creation
If a new context is being added in addition to the current one,
then send the ASSIGN event to abort a running scan since
the addition of a context is usually followed by VIF
assignment and further operations.
Signed-off-by: Sujith Manoharan <c_manoha@qca.qualcomm.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sujith Manoharan [Sat, 23 Aug 2014 13:42:14 +0000 (19:12 +0530)]
ath9k: Remove redundant ifdef
This was introduced in an earlier patch to handle
a compilation warning, but since the channel context
code has been mostly isolated, this is not required now.
Signed-off-by: Sujith Manoharan <c_manoha@qca.qualcomm.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sujith Manoharan [Sat, 23 Aug 2014 07:59:23 +0000 (13:29 +0530)]
ath9k: Fix 'offchannel' in ath_softc
Finally move the 'offchannel' instance in ath_softc
inside a CONFIG_ATH9K_CHANNEL_CONTEXT cage. The offchannel
usage in ath9k_calculate_iter_data() is closed off with
an ifdef for now, since the state/opmode calculation is
common for both the channel context mode and the normal mode.
Signed-off-by: Sujith Manoharan <c_manoha@qca.qualcomm.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sujith Manoharan [Sat, 23 Aug 2014 07:59:22 +0000 (13:29 +0530)]
ath9k: Fix function argument type
ath9k_vif_iter() was earlier used as an iterator
routine when calling a mac80211 utility. This is no
longer the case and hence we can mention the argument
type explicitly.
Signed-off-by: Sujith Manoharan <c_manoha@qca.qualcomm.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sujith Manoharan [Sat, 23 Aug 2014 07:59:16 +0000 (13:29 +0530)]
ath9k: Fix channel context events
Check if channel context usage is enabled before
calling ath_chanctx_event() from various parts of the
driver. Also, make sure that ath_chanctx_event() is
compiled only when CONFIG_ATH9K_CHANNEL_CONTEXT is
enabled.
Signed-off-by: Sujith Manoharan <c_manoha@qca.qualcomm.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
The carl9170_op_ampdu_action() function is used only by the mac80211
framework.
Since the mac80211 already takes care of checks and properly serializing
calls to the driver's function there is no need for the driver to do the same
thing.
Signed-off-by: Andreea-Cristina Bernat <bernat.ada@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sujith Manoharan [Fri, 22 Aug 2014 15:09:31 +0000 (20:39 +0530)]
ath9k: Isolate ath9k_use_chanctx module parameter
This patch ensures that the module parameter "use_chanctx" is
visible only when CONFIG_ATH9K_CHANNEL_CONTEXT is selected.
Also register the channel context callbacks with mac80211 only
when it is explicitly enabled and compile them out of the driver
when CONFIG_ATH9K_CHANNEL_CONTEXT is not selected.
Signed-off-by: Sujith Manoharan <c_manoha@qca.qualcomm.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Sujith Manoharan [Fri, 22 Aug 2014 15:09:28 +0000 (20:39 +0530)]
ath9k: Add a config option for channel context
Channel contexts are supported only for P2P right now,
so make sure that the 'normal' path remains unaffected
by using a config option. This will also reduce the size
of the driver.
Signed-off-by: Sujith Manoharan <c_manoha@qca.qualcomm.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Bob Copeland [Fri, 22 Aug 2014 13:18:01 +0000 (09:18 -0400)]
ath5k: ensure led name is null terminated
Add the missing null termination after strncpy().
This isn't actually a buffer overflow in this case since we use
snprintf() appropriately to fill the buffer passed by the caller,
but in the interest of not turning this into a bug down the road,
go ahead and force termination here.
Found by Coverity.
Signed-off-by: Bob Copeland <me@bobcopeland.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Rasmus Villemoes [Mon, 25 Aug 2014 07:59:29 +0000 (09:59 +0200)]
ray_cs: Add include guards
The files ray_cs.h and rayctl.h both contain two thirds of what
appears to be an include guard using the macro name RAYLINK_H (both
lack the #define). Since RAYLINK_H is not defined anywhere, the
#ifndefs are confusing no-ops. Add proper include guards using
different macro names.
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Amitkumar Karwar [Tue, 19 Aug 2014 12:24:26 +0000 (08:24 -0400)]
mwifiex: use firmware API revision from GET_HW_SPEC response
Newer firmware returns API revision in GET_HW_SPEC command
response. We will make use of it instead of parsing this
information from FW release number.
Signed-off-by: Amitkumar Karwar <akarwar@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: Avinash Patil <patila@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: Cathy Luo <cluo@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Amitkumar Karwar [Tue, 19 Aug 2014 12:24:24 +0000 (08:24 -0400)]
mwifiex: fix left_len calculation issue
While updating 'left_len' in each iteration, we should subtract
last TLV length not the accumulated length of TLVs parsed till
now.
This bug in parsing logic is exposed by newer firmware which adds
two TLVs in GET_HW_SPEC command response. Earlier firmwares used to
add only one TLV.
Signed-off-by: Amitkumar Karwar <akarwar@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: Avinash Patil <patila@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: Cathy Luo <cluo@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Csaba Kiraly [Sun, 17 Aug 2014 23:53:34 +0000 (01:53 +0200)]
ath9k_htc: advertise support for TDLS
Based on a quick test with AR9271, TDLS seems to be working fine.
Tests were done with 2 Atheros AR9271 based devices with firmware
1.3 (sha1 8d49f928aa40ac53c729189bff1333cd373a7fb5), associated
with a WAP54G access point. TDLS worked fine both in WPA2 mode and
without encryption. Stations maintained ping flood traffic between
each other and towards the AP without significant losses.
Signed-off-by: Himangi Saraogi <himangi774@gmail.com> Acked-by: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Himangi Saraogi [Wed, 13 Aug 2014 17:10:24 +0000 (22:40 +0530)]
atmel_cs: Remove typedef local_info_t
The Linux kernel coding style guidelines suggest not using typedefs
for structure types. This patch gets rid of the typedef for
local_info_t. Also, the name of the struct is changed to drop the _t,
to make the name look less typedef-like.
The following Coccinelle semantic patch detects the case:
@tn@
identifier i;
type td;
@@
-typedef
struct i { ... }
-td
;
@@
type tn.td;
identifier tn.i;
@@
-td
+ struct i
Signed-off-by: Himangi Saraogi <himangi774@gmail.com> Acked-by: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Currently it can send regulatory domain change notification before any
NEW_WIPHY notification. Moreover, if rfill_register() fails, calling
wiphy_unregister() will send a DEL_WIPHY though no NEW_WIPHY had been
sent previously.
Thus reordering so it properly notifies NEW_WIPHY before any other.
Signed-off-by: Tomasz Bursztyka <tomasz.bursztyka@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>
Himangi Saraogi [Thu, 7 Aug 2014 11:02:45 +0000 (16:32 +0530)]
wireless: wlcore: Use devm_kzalloc
This patch introduces the use of devm_kzalloc and does away with the
kfrees in the probe and remove functions. Also, a couple of labels and
the initial assignment of the ret variable in the probe function are
removed.
Signed-off-by: Himangi Saraogi <himangi774@gmail.com> Acked-by: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr> Signed-off-by: John W. Linville <linville@tuxdriver.com>